The pervasive use of merchandise (i.e., non-cash) incentives in sales compensation plans is an empirical and theoretical puzzle given the supposed superiority of cash incentives in the standard theory (i.e., principal-agent models) and the scant, and contradictory empirical evidence. We conducted a large scale field intervention that switched 580 salespeople at a large frozen food manufacturer ...

Target localization has been a popular research topic in recent years since it is the basis of all kinds location-based applications. For GNSS-denied urban or indoor environments, method based on time-of-arrival (TOA) one most methods due to its high accuracy and simplicity. However, Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) error major cause that degrades TOA-based method. Identifying whether received signal a...

The purpose of this paper is to study a Monte Carlo simulation of the discounted payback, and its application to investment appraisal. The underlying project in the case study has a useful life of 10 years with an initial outlay of $2,000, and with stochastic, independent, and normally distributed cash inflows. These cash inflows are simulated from the same normal frequency distribution, i.e. f...

one of the major issues of increasing agricultural production, is adaptation of technology to specific climatic variables in cultivated areas. knowing the weather and climatic condition and periodic yearly and multi-year changes of meteorological phenomena and deviations from normal values ​​are of major requirements of modern agriculture. in this study, daily, monthly and annual weather data o...

the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between free cash flows and stock return considering managers' myopia. two hypotheses have been designed and tested, selecting 96 firms from accepted companies in the tehran stock exchange for six-year period from 2005 to 2010 and using stock return for three years ahead (to 2012). the results show that free cash flows are negati...

We investigate the relative merits of unconditional cash transfers (UCT), conditional cash transfers (CCT), and improvements in education quality on efficiency and welfare. In our setting some parents under-invest in their children's education because capital market imperfections prevent them from borrowing. When credit constrained households can be perfectly targeted by the government, we show...