introduction: breast conserving radiotherapy is one of the most common procedures performed in any radiation oncology department. a tangential parallel-opposed pair is usually used for this purpose. this technique is performed using 2d or 3d treatment planning systems. the aim of this study was to compare 2d treatment planning with 3d treatment planning in tangential irradiation in breast conse...

conclusions our underlying hypothesis is that recapitulating the three-dimensional early embryonic structure, in order to reproduce better in vitro the three-dimensional morphogenetic-like re-arrangements, would improve cells differentiation, when in vivo transplanted; moreover, it could be used as a simplified cancer disease model and reliable drug evaluation method as well. results the proces...

In recent years, the demand for developing patient-centric dosage forms is increasing enormously with patient population. Much research ongoing exploring various additive manufacturing techniques pharmaceutical medications. Poor solubility of drug substances and underdeveloped strategies are majorly affecting industry's revenue. Developing intravenous poor will affect revenue industries. Thus, ...

Anorectal malformations (ARMs) of all (high and low) forms concern about 1/5000 births. Low form is difficult to diagnose prenatally. Isolated forms are rare; they are often present in the context of multiple malformation syndromes. From a rare case of prenatal diagnosis, ultrasound findings will be discussed as well as the role of three-dimensional ultrasonography (3D) nuclear magnetic resonan...

conclusion both techniques provided quantitatively consistent results of in vivo velocity vector fields in right internal carotid artery (rca). pc mri represented a good estimation of main flow patterns inside the vasculature, which seems to be acceptable for clinical use. however, limitations of each technique should be considered while interpreting results. subjects and methods mr imaging was...

Due to unsatisfactory segmentation results when images contain noise by the Otsu’s thresholding method. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) Otsu’s methods thus were proposed. These methods utilize not only grey levels of pixels but also their spatial informations between pixels such as mean and median values. The 3D Otsu’s methods additionally use both kinds of spatial information w...

High content imaging (HCI) is a multiplexed cell staining assay developed for better understanding of complex biological functions and mechanisms of drug action, and it has become an important tool for toxicity and efficacy screening of drug candidates. Conventional HCI assays have been carried out on two-dimensional (2D) cell monolayer cultures, which in turn limit predictability of drug toxic...

Human fingers are 3D objects. More information will be provided if three dimensional (3D) fingerprints are available compared with two dimensional (2D) fingerprints. Thus, this paper firstly collected 3D finger point cloud data by Structured-light Illumination method. Additional features from 3D fingerprint images are then studied and extracted. The applications of these features are finally di...

Spin-echo-based acquisitions are the workhorse of clinical MRI because they provide a variety of useful image contrasts and are resistant to image artifacts from radio-frequency or static field inhomogeneity. Three-dimensional (3D) acquisitions provide datasets that can be retrospectively reformatted for viewing in freely selectable orientations, and are thus advantageous for evaluating the com...