Introduction: Sexhormones are one of most important factors in difference of learning and memory between tow sexes (male & female). High concentration of estrogen and androgen receptors and mechanism of testosterone and estrogen production in learning and memory center, especially in hippocampus show the role of this receptors, sexhormons and P450 enzymes in spatial memory. Consequently, in thi...

We study the problem of computing correlation between two piecewise-linear bivariate functions defined over a common domain, where the surfaces they define in 3D—polyhedral terrains—can be transformed vertically by a linear transformation of the third coordinate (scaling and translation). We present a randomized algorithm that minimizes the maximum vertical distance between the graphs of the tw...

We study the problem of computing correlation between two piecewise-linear bivariate functions defined over a common domain, where the surfaces they define in three dimensions— polyhedral terrains—can be transformed vertically by a linear transformation of the third coordinate (scaling and translation). We present a randomized algorithm that minimizes the maximum vertical distance between the g...

The generation and real-time rendering of terrain are related problems that occur in the development of virtual reality and gaming applications. These applications must be able to create and render realistic terrains at interactive rates. In many applications it is desirable to generate unique terrains instead of reusing static geometry time and again. Finally, all applications that render larg...

A guarding problem can naturally be modeled as a set system (U ,S) in which the universe U of elements is the set of points we need to guard and our collection S of sets contains, for each potential guard g, the set of points from U seen by g. We prove bounds on the maximum VC-dimension of set systems associated with guarding both 1.5D terrains (monotone chains) and 2.5D terrains (polygonal ter...

With the increasing availability of terrain data, e.g., from aerial laser scans, the management of such data is attracting increasing attention in both industry and academia. In particular, spatial queries, e.g., k-nearest neighbor and reverse nearest neighbor queries, in Euclidean and spatial network spaces are being extended to terrains. Such queries all rely on an important operation, that o...

Although numerous studies have described the escape kinematics of fishes, little is known about the aquatic escape responses of salamanders. We compare the escape kinematics of larval and adult Eurycea bislineata, the two-lined salamander, to examine the effects of metamorphosis on aquatic escape performance. We hypothesize that shape changes associated with resorption of the larval tail fin at...

Escape enables prey to avoid an approaching predator. The escape decision-making process has traditionally been interpreted using theoretical models that consider ultimate explanations based on the cost/benefit paradigm. Ultimate approaches, however, suffer from inseparable extra-assumptions due to an inability to accurately parameterize the model's variables and their interactive relationships...

Introduction: The cholinergic system plays an important role in learning and memory. Administration of either extracts of Crocus Sativus (Saffron) or its constituent, crocin, reduced ethanol-induced memory impairment. Based on the above findings, we investigated the effect of crocin in antagonizing spatial learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine, a cholinergic receptor antagoni...