This paper studies financial policy, investment decisions and the threat of dismissal when managers value control and investments generate manager-specific value. A high probability of investigation focuses the manager on the profitability of replacement and therefore managerspecific value. The probability of an investigation increases when the firm enters bankruptcy. Thus, high debt levels foc...

This note gives a quali…ed a¢ rmative answer to a natural question, asked by Ohlson and motivated by some earlier work, concerning the irrelevance of dividend policy to the calculation of equity in the context of an Ohlson style general linear accounting dynamic. Does Dividend Irrelevance occur when discounting at a rate of interest R if and only if R is set equal uniquely to the dominant eigen...

Publicly listed real estate firms offer an indirect form of real estate investment in Singapore, which are a less restrictive in terms of dividend distribution and asset holding requirements compared to the REITs. Do the dividend policies of these real estate firms differ from those adopted by the US REITs as shown in the earlier findings by Wang, Erickson and Gau (1993) and Bradley, Capozza an...