Research into Web-based teamwork support using workflow has assumed that the network connection exists permanently, i.e. online. However, there is an increasing demand that workflow environments should also support the disconnected offline mobile scenario which is so far not well addressed. This paper identifies radical requirements, describes cost-effective design and implementation strategies...

For the optimum design of Piled Raft Foundations (PRF), the concept of settlement reducer piles has been applied. However, when these piles are connected to the raft, a high stress may develop in the relatively small number of piles. Therefore, an alternative approach is to disconnect the piles from the raft forming a new system called a non-connected or disconnected piled-raft foundation (NCPR...

RPC latencies and other network-related delays can frustrate mobile users of a distributed file system. Disconnected operation helps, but fails to use networking opportunities to their full advantage. In this paper we describe partially connected operation, an extension of disconnected operation that resolves cache misses and preserves client cache consistency, but does not incur the write late...

Using Photovoltaic systems is gradually expanded by increasing energy demand. Abundance and availability of this energy, has turned to one of the most important sources of renewable energy. Unfortunately, photovoltaic systems have two big problems: first, those have very low energy conversion efficiency (in act between 12 and 42 percent under certain circumstances). Second, the power produced b...

In this chapter, two cellular manufacturing systems, namely connected cells and disconnected cells, have been studied, and their performance was compared with respect to average flowtime and work-inprocess inventory under make-to-order demand strategy. The study was performed in a medical device manufacturing company considering their a) existing system b) variations from the existing system by...