In republican political philosophy, citizenship is a status that constituted by one’s participation in the public life of polity. its traditional formulation, an exclusionary and hierarchical way defining polity’s membership, because domain activity qualifies as participating highly restricted. I argue Black American abolitionist Frederick Douglass advances radically inclusive conception articu...

This article introduces the various articles in this forum. It first sets scene by showing why maritime sector forms an excellent case study to investigate risk and uncertainty premodern world. Second, it problematises from a historical perspective both Frank Knight's Douglass North's approaches uncertainty, arguing that notwithstanding lack of data, commerce could properly assess uncertainty. ...

African American autobiography has a long, distinguished history dating back to the eighteenth century, when religious conversion and spiritual growth were the central themes written or dictated by men and women who were former slaves, such as the Gospel and Labours of George White (1810) and Memoir of Old Elizabeth (1863). Free blacks who wrote about their spiritual enlightenment include the f...

This study aims to determine the effect of production factors land area, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and labor on shallot in Simpang Tiga District, Pidie District costs onion farming income District. The sampling technique was carried out by simple random sampling, totaling 36 respondents. analytical used this research is Cobb-Douglass function analysis method multiple linear regression ana...