The dramatic effect of flow through macropores and hardpan fissures on artificial drainage in shallow sloping soils is demonstrated. Implications of these preferential flow mechanisms on drainage design and water management are discussed. In designing drainage systems on these types of soils, more emphasis should be given to the characteristics of the hardpan.

OBJECTIVE Clinical observation has identified cases in which the negative pressures exerted on patient chest drains have appeared to far exceed the level of suction intended. This study was designed to test whether the use of high rates of airflow in typical pleural/mediastinal drainage systems exerts excessively high negative pressures on the chest drainage tube. METHODS Three pleural draina...

Analysis and design of siphonic roof drainage systems are usually performed with specific software developed by the system’s manufacturers. An experimental study was carried out to verify if a general for analysis hydraulic pressurized pipe networks can be used analyze system. A test model built tests were conducted compare prototype results simulation runs in EPANET. new EPANET data overcome l...