Latent variables allow probabilistic graphical models to capture nuance and structure in important domains such as network science, natural language processing, and computer vision. Naive approaches to learning such complex models can be prohibitively expensive—because they require repeated inferences to update beliefs about latent variables—so lifting this restriction for useful classes of mod...

A major strategy in the creation of sustainable economies is the establishment of alternative market institutions, such as fair trade and local market systems. However, the dynamics of these alternative markets are poorly understood. What are the rules of behavior by which these markets function? How do these markets maintain their separate identity as ‘‘alternative’’: apart from the convention...

The present study aimed to examine the determinants of using alternative treatment plans in different types of problems by different educated professionals to facilitate in formulating the appropriate marketing strategies of the most important emergency product- Medicare service providers. This paper attempted to find out the attitudes and behavior of educated professionals in adopting differen...