We explore properties of the set of d-units of a d-algebra. A property of interest in the study of d-units in d-algebras is the weak associative property. It is noted that many other d-algebras, especially BCK-algebras, are in fact weakly associative. The existence of d/BCK-algebras which are not weakly associative is demonstrated. Moreover, the notions of a d-integral domain and a left-injecti...

The intuitionistic Q-fuzzification of the concept of subalgebras in BCK/BCI-algebra is considered, and some related properties are investigated.

In this paper, we extend the notions of states and measures presented in [12] to the case of pseudo-BCK algebras and study similar properties. We prove that, under some conditions, the notion of a state in the sense of [12] coincides with the Bosbach state, and we extend to the case of pseudo-BCK algebras some results proved by J. Kühr only for pseudo-BCK semilattices. We characterize extremal ...

D. Buşneag 1 defined pseudo valuation on a Hilbert algebra and proved that every pseudo valuation induces a pseudometric on a Hilbert algebra. Also, D. Buşneag 2 provided several theorems on extensions of pseudo valuations. C. Buşneag 3 introduced the notions of pseudo valuations valuations on residuated lattices, and proved some theorems of extension for these using the model of Hilbert algebr...

We consider the relationship between ideals of a BCI-algebra and order ideals of its adjoint semigroup. We show that (1) if I is an ideal, then I =M−1(M(I)), (2) M(M−1(J)) is the order ideal generated by J∩R(X), (3) if X is a BCK-algebra, then J =M(M−1(J)) for any order ideal J of X, thus, for each BCK-algebra X there is a one-to-one correspondence between the set (X) of all ideals of X and the...

In this paper we study particular classes of pseudo-BCK algebras, bounded or not bounded, as pseudo-BCK(pP) algebras, pseudo-BCK(pP) lattices, pseudo-Hájek(pP) algebras and pseudo-Wajsberg algebras. We introduce new classes of pseudo-BCK(pP) lattices, we establish hierarchies and we give some examples. We work with left-defined algebras and we work with → and ; as primitive operations, not with...

This paper initiates the study of the algebra of quotients associated with a given BCK-algebra, analogous to the classical rings of quotients and their subsequent generalizations. MIRAMAKE TRIESTE August 198B * To appear in "Hath. Japonlca" (1988). ** Permanent address: Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

in this note first we define the notions of fuzzy positive implicativehyper bck-ideals of types 1,2,3 and 4. then we prove some theorems whichcharacterize the above notions according to the level subsets. also we obtainthe relationships among these notions, fuzzy (strong, weak, reflexive) hyperbck-ideals and fuzzy positive implicative hyper bck-ideals of types 5,6,7and 8. then, we define the no...