In the rat and the rabbit, a number of studies have reported the effects of angiotensin II (ANG II) on Na(+) reabsorption by the proximal (PT) and distal (DT) convoluted tubules of the kidney. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of ANG II on Ca(2+) uptake by the luminal membranes of the PT and DT of the rabbit. Incubation of PT and DT with 10(-12) M ANG II enhanced the initia...

The mucoadhesive hydrogel film was prepared and optimized for the purpose of local drug delivery to oral cavity for the treatment of oral Candidiasis. The mucoadhesive hydrogel film was prepared with the poly(vinyl alcohol) by freeze/thaw crosslinking technique. 3(2) full factorial design was employed to optimize the formulation. Number of freeze/thaw cycles (4, 6, and 8 cycles) and the concent...

Flavohemoglobins metabolize nitric oxide (NO) to nitrate and protect bacteria and fungi from NO-mediated damage, growth inhibition, and killing by NO-releasing immune cells. Antimicrobial imidazoles were tested for their ability to coordinate flavohemoglobin and inhibit its NO dioxygenase (NOD) function. Miconazole, econazole, clotrimazole, and ketoconazole inhibited the NOD activity of Escheri...

Intertrigo is a superficial inflammatory dermatitis occurring on two closely opposed skin surfaces as a result of moisture, friction, and lack of ventilation. Bodily secretions, including perspiration, urine, and feces, often exacerbate skin inflammation. Physical examination of skin folds reveals regions of erythema with peripheral scaling. Excessive friction and inflammation can cause skin br...

The allylamine derivative terbinafine is the first antifungal agent with primary fungicidal properties against dermatophytes which acts systemically after oral application as well as locally after topical application. Comparative oral studies carried out with griseofulvin and ketoconazole in model infections such as guinea pig trichophytosis and microsporosis revealed terbinafine to be superior...

The aim of this study was to test separation possibility of enantiomers of nine active substances belonging to imidazole derivatives: bifonazole, butoconazole, econazole, enilconazole, fenticonazole, isoconazole, miconazole, sertaconazole and tioconazole. The study was performed using HPLC method and the CHI- RALCEL OJ column (10 gm; 250 x 4.6 mm), the mobile phase flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and d...