Ectopic expression of peripherally restricted Ags by medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) is associated with negative selection. Autoimmune regulator (AIRE) is considered to be the master regulator of these Ags. We show in this study that the ectopic expression of type II collagen (CII) in mTECs and the corresponding central tolerance to CII are AIRE independent but lymphotoxin dependent. ...

A 34-year-old man with hypercalcemia had a sestamibi scan that showed increased uptake that appeared to correspond with a 7 mm density in the mediastinum, adjacent to the aortic arch, on chest CT. This lesion was thought to be consistent with an ectopic parathyroid adenoma. Prior to surgical exploration, the patient was injected intravenously with 12.3 millicuries of Tc99m-sestamibi. The lesion...

Ectopic thymoma rarely presents as an intrathoracic tumor. We report a case of ectopic thymoma presenting as a giant right intrathoracic tumor that was treated with resection. The patient was a 50-year-old Japanese woman who presented with the chief complaint of chest pain. Detailed examination revealed a solid tumor measuring 15 × 10 × 8 cm in diameter, with a clear border. The Imaging finding...

The inductive regeneration of complete organs is not thought to occur in adults of higher animals. The fact that this phenomenon can take place in the case of murine spleen and thymus is the subject of this report. Previous investigators had noted that autologous mammalian spleen and thymus could regenerate after ectopic transplantation (1-4). However, the cell origin of the lymphocytes present...

The thymus gland is a lymphatic organ involved in lymphoid cell development and maturation. However, its embryologic origins come from the endoderm as epithelial outgrowths of the lower portion of the third pharyngeal pouches. Cells of these epithelial outgrowths grow into the surrounding mesenchyma and subsequently constitute the medullary areas of the lobules of the thymus. In some areas, epi...

Primary hyperparathyroidism is defined by elevated parathyroid hormone and calcium levels, most usually caused a adenoma. Parathyroid adenomas are commonly detected in the neck or an ectopic site, seldom mediastinum. The adenoma can occur locations such as mediastinum, thymus, retro oesophagal area 6-16% of cases. We presented example 73-year-old woman who was found to have hypercalcemia during...

Address for Correspondence: V.N.Susimitha sri, IInd year MBBS, Department of Anatomy, Kanyakumari Government Medical College, Asaripallam, Nagercoil-629201, India. E-mail: [email protected] Access this Article online Quick Response code Web site: *1 IInd year MBBS, 2 Associate professor. Deapartment of Anatomy, Kanyakumari Government Medical College, Asaripallam, Nagercoil. India. Introduc...

SMALL lobules of aberrant thymus are not infrequently found in the neck, often within the thyroid gland, possibly present in up to 20% of humans (Goldstein and Mackay, 1969; Gilmour, 1941). However, ectopic thymic tissue of size sufficient to produce a palpable swelling of the neck is uncommon. In a review of the forty-six such cases recorded in the English literature, Hinds et al. (1970) found...