1 Affine Morphisms Definition 1. Let f : X −→ Y be a morphism of schemes. Then we say f is an affine morphism or that X is affine over Y , if there is a nonempty open cover {Vα}α∈Λ of Y by open affine subsets Vα such that for every α, fVα is also affine. If X is empty (in particular if Y is empty) then f is affine. Any morphism of affine schemes is affine. Any isomorphism is affine, and the aff...

We define a morphism based upon a Latin square that generalizes the Thue-Morse morphism. We prove that fixed points of this morphism are overlap-free sequences, generalizing results of Allouche Shallit and Frid.

In this paper we study the log structures on generalized semistable varieties, generalize the result by F. Kato and M. Olsson, and prove the canonicity of log structure when it can be expected. In out text we first give the definitions of local chart and weakly normal crossing morphism. Then we study the invariants of complete noetherian local ring coming from weakly normal crossing morphisms. ...

Model verification is to check the correctness of the model implementation comparing with a model specification. The specification is modeling and description properties of a real system. The implementation is the ready to simulation model described from model specification. Our proposed frame work is system morphism based approach, which has various levels of morphism depending on system descr...

We present an effective method for estimating the motion of proteins from the motion of attached probe particles in single-molecule experiments. The framework naturally incorporates Langevin dynamics to compute the most probable trajectory of the protein. By using a perturbation expansion technique, we achieve computational costs more than 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the conventional gra...

In this paper, we propose a procedure, based on statistical design of experiments and gradient descent, that finds effective settings for parameters found in heuristics. We develop our procedure using four experiments. We use our procedure and a small subset of problems to find parameter settings for two new vehicle routing heuristics. We then set the parameters of each heuristic and solve 19 c...

The Holy Quran was descended from Almighty Allah to the Holy Prophet (AS) about the last 14 centuries and there has been a time interval between descent of the Quran and its existing readers and commentators. This Question is posed whether this time interval between descent of the Quran and commentator will effect on verses understanding and their commentary or not? As one of commentary princip...