Currently, approximately 70% of paintings in museum collections are affected by the presence metallic soaps, evidenced spherical globules visible on surface paintings. They responsible for altering paintings’ through processes such as exfoliation and cracking, or even form “skins” that appear pictorial layers. The objective this study is investigation icon from Saint Mary Monastery, Techirghiol...

Many research studies were carried out for effective utilization of fly ash and pond ash in building industry as it possess suitable pozzolanic properties .They are produced in large quantities during the combustion of coal for energy production and recognized as an environmental pollution. Fly ash and Pond ash utilization in building materials have many advantages like cost effectiveness, envi...

This is a study into the phase transitions of aerosol composed of the ternary system ammonium sulfate (AS) – malonic acid (MA) – water using infrared extinction spectroscopy. Twelve compositions were studied in both deliquescence and efflorescence mode experiments. The presence of a MA fraction, by dry mass, (fMA) of 0.1 in an 5 AS aerosol altered the relative humidity at which the phase transi...

Historical GDP estimates for China by Broadberry, Guan, and Li are problematic because of an implausible series government expenditure. Revised reduce per capita, mainly during the Ming, up to a third. Two peaks in income now stand out: Song efflorescence years around 1700. If latter peak is real, comparisons Yangzi delta with leading European countries show Great Crossing Middle Ages, Converge...

The connection between the AIDS epidemic and the efflorescence of religious 'enthusiasm' (construed in both classical and contemporary senses) in Africa in recent decades is best understood, this paper argues, by reference to a concept of 'spiritual insecurity'. The article offers a general description of the condition of spiritual insecurity and argues that it is best studied within a relation...

Temperature-dependent efflorescence and ice nucleation results of ammonium sulfate aerosol obtained from flow tube studies are analyzed using a newly developed model based on scaled nucleation theory. The presented thermodynamic model defines trajectories of constant reduced nucleation barrier height as a function of temperature and yields simple analytic expressions for the liquid-solid nuclea...

Phase transitions of nanoparticles are of fundamental importance in atmospheric sciences, but current understanding is insufficient to explain observations at the nano-scale. In particular, discrepancies exist between observations and model predictions of deliquescence and efflorescence transitions and the hygroscopic growth of salt nanoparticles. Here we show that these discrepancies can be re...