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BACKGROUND Cervical screening programmes have reduced cervical cancer incidence and mortality but the level of success is highly variable between countries. Organisation of programmes is essential for equity and cost-effectiveness. However, there are differences in effectiveness, also among organised programmes. In order to identify the key organisational components that determine effectiveness...

AIM Eastern Europe experienced epidemic levels of syphilis after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Presently data are less comprehensive outside the European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA). This review aims to identify published papers with suitable data to estimate a regional burden of disease for syphilis in the 19 member countries of Eastern Europe. METHODS A systema...

From 2018, it became mandatory to obtain the Icelandic Equal Pay Standard (ÍST85) for all companies with 25+ employees annually operating on market. It has been unclear what extent – if any ÍST85 can be applied in public procurements. This article analyses whether is compliant relevant European Union internal market law, particularly procurement law. The growing intensity of nudges include and ...

ABSTRACT This article investigates the potential of global value chain (GVC)-orientated sustainability provisions in regional and bilateral trade agreements (FTAs). Such impose social environmental obligations directly onto GVCs, as opposed to creating for governments. The theoretical GVC is examined, concepts effectiveness legitimacy are introduced values by which assess them. Four recent sets...

UNLABELLED Recommendations suggest exclusive breast feeding for at least the first 4 to 6 months after birth. Paradoxically, an overwhelming proportion of breast feeding (BF) data in Europe refers to all BF, i.e. not only exclusive but also partial BF (including formula, juices, water, sweetened water etc). This makes it difficult to estimate to what extent the recommendations are met. There is...

(UCSC, Italy) for critical feedback during the development of this methodology protocol.