introduction: public and occupational exposure to extremely low frequency (elf) electric and magnetic fields induced by electrical equipment is a significant issue in the environment and at the workplace due to their potential health effects on public health. the purpose of this study was assessment of the electric and magnetic fields intensities and determination of mental and psychological ef...

Rational development of transcranial current stimulation (tCS) requires solving the 'forward problem': the computation of the electric field distribution in the head resulting from the application of scalp currents. Derivation of forward models has represented a major effort in brain stimulation research, with model complexity ranging from spherical shells to individualized head models based on...

In the present work, we establish an optimal estimate for the electric potential difference between closely adjacent spherical perfect conductors in n dimensional space (n ≥ 2). This result indicates that electric fields blow up as a pair of spherical perfect conductors approach each other, and provides the lower bound with the optimal blowup rate which was recently established by Bao, Li and Y...

A new means of controlling the order-disorder transition of block copolymers is presented. By applying small electrical potentials (2 V/cm) to disordered solutions of an organometallic block copolymer, oriented ordered grains were obtained near the positive electrode. After reversing the electrical bias on the system, the ordered grains disappeared, and new, oriented, ordered regions were forme...

An apparatus for measuring simultaneously the surface electrical potentials along epicotyl was developed to study the largely bending situation by gravity. Potentials increased on the upper side and decreased on the lower side after the horizontal placement. The time course of electrical changes consisted of two components which correspond to growth movements observed during gravitropism.

We report the design of surfaces that exhibit dynamic changes in interfacial properties, such as wettability, in response to an electrical potential. The change in wetting behavior was caused by surface-confined, single-layered molecules undergoing conformational transitions between a hydrophilic and a moderately hydrophobic state. Reversible conformational transitions were confirmed at a molec...

We discuss common difficulties in upper-division electricity and magnetism (E&M) in the areas of Gauss’s law, vector calculus, and electric potential using both quantitative and qualitative evidence. We also show that many of these topical difficulties may be tied to student difficulties with mathematics. At the junior level, some students struggle to combine mathematical calculations and physi...

The electrical response of an electrolytic cell in which the diffusion of mobile ions in the bulk is governed by a fractional diffusion equation of distributed order is analyzed. The boundary conditions at the electrodes limiting the sample are described by an integro-differential equation governing the kinetic at the interface. The analysis is carried out by supposing that the positive and neg...

One-way propagation of light, analogous to the directional flow of electrons in the presence of electric potential difference, has been an important goal in the wave-matter interaction. Breaking time-reversal symmetry in photonic flows is faced with challenges different from those for electron flows. In recent years several approaches and methods have been offered towards achieving this goal. H...

A research code has been written to solve an elliptic system of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations of conservation form on a rectangularly shaped three-dimensional domain. The code uses the method of collocation of Gauss points with tricubic Hermite piecewise continuous polynomial basis functions. The system of equations is solved by iteration. The system of nonlinear equations is...