a saddle point variational (spv ) method was applied to the dirac equation as an example of a fully relativistic equation with both negative and positive energy solutions. the effect of the negative energy states was mitigated by maximizing the energy with respect to a relevant parameter while at the same time minimizing it with respect to another parameter in the wave function. the cornell pot...

This paper introduces the basics of energy harvesters and demonstrates two specific vibratory-type energy harvesters developed at the University of Hyogo. The fabrication and evaluation results of the vibratory-type energy harvesters, which employ electrostatic and electromagnetic mechanisms, are described. The aim of developing these devices is to realize a power source for an autonomous human...

An accurate and direct measurement of the energy distribution of a low repetition rate terahertz electromagnetic pulse is challenging because of the lack of sensitive detectors in this spectral range. In this paper, we show how the total energy and energy density distribution of a terahertz electromagnetic pulse can be determined by directly measuring the absolute electric field amplitude and b...

The Maxwell theory on non-commutative spaces has been considered. The non-linear equations of electromagnetic fields on non-commutative spaces were obtained in the compact spin-tensor (quater-nion) form. It was shown that the plane electromagnetic wave is the solution of the system of non-linear wave equations of the second order for the electric and magnetic induction fields. We have found the...

This paper examines the electromagnetic energies developed in the scales of the Lepidoptera Danaus plexippus. The Green tensor method was used to calculate and simulate the energies at specific wavelengths. Scattering of electromagnetic waves within the scales was simulated at different wavelengths (λ) with the corresponding maximum energy occurred at λ = 0.45 μm. The study shows that the desig...

The wireless transfer of electromagnetic energy into the human body could power medical devices and enable new ways to treat various disorders. To control energy transfer, metal structures are used to generate and manipulate radio-frequency electromagnetic fields. Most systems for transfer across the biological tissue operate in the quasi-static limit, but operation beyond this regime could aff...

Recent rapid development of electromagnetic field (EMF) emitters (mobile phones, microwave broadcast stations, radiolocation, microwave sources in household devices) increased the environmental level of electromagnetic radiation. This, in turn, increased the interest on the possible risk of harmful influence of exposure to EMF. On the other hand, the low energy EMF of both low (homogenous magne...

We discuss the key important regimes of electromagnetic field interaction with charged particles. Main attention is paid to the nonlinear Thomson/Compton scattering regime with the radiation friction and quantum electrodynamics effects taken into account. This process opens a channel of high efficiency electromagnetic energy conversion into hard electromagnetic radiation in the form of ultra sh...

The influence of radiofrequency electromagnetic exposure on ligand binding to hydrophobic receptor proteins is a plausible early event of the interaction mechanism. A comprehensive quantum Zeeman-Stark model has been developed which takes into account the energy losses of the ligand ion due to its collisions inside the receptor crevice, the attracting nonlinear endogenous force due to the poten...