Optical Character Recognition or OCR is the electronic translation of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine translated images. It is widely used to recognize and search text from electronic documents or to publish the text on a website. OCR is the machine replication of human reading and has been the subject of intensive research for more than three decades. OCR can be described...

Non-attendance reduces clinic and provider productivity and efficiency, compromises access and increases cost of health care. This systematic review of the English language literature (November 1999-November 2009) compares telephone, mail, text/short message service, electronic mail and open-access scheduling to determine which is best at reducing outpatient non-attendance and providing net fin...

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WITH THE ADVENT OF CENTRALized data warehouses, where data might be stored as electronic documents or as text fields in databases, text mining has increased in importance and economic value. One important goal in text mining is automatic classification of electronic documents. Computer programs scan text in a document and apply a model that assigns the document to one or more prespecified topic...

The idea of a book being a collection of pages is so ingrained that modern electronic book readers often try to faithfully reproduce this feature — up to elaborate simulations of page turns. However, traditional pages are not necessary and often inconvenient in electronic books. It is often easier to scroll the text than to turn the pages, and text reflowing makes the use of folios a rather str...

While electronic text offers the potential to explain, illustrate, and scaffold understanding in powerful new ways, few studies on educational use of electronic text resources have shown significant learning gains, or even measured learning outcomes in controlled experiments (Chen & Rada, 1996; Dillon & Gabbard, 1998). In a follow-up to previous studies (Wiley & Voss, 1999), the present experim...