the protection of households against catastrophic medical payment always has been one of the most important objectives in any health care system. this study assessed the performance of iranian health insurance schemes in protection the patients against catastrophic medical payment. this is an analytical study which performed in a cross sectional design on 400 patients that hospitalized in selec...

The micro-payment system is an important technique in electronic commerce. The high-value payment system is not suitable for a micro-payment system because the requirements are di€erent. To meet sucient security for all participants in electronic commerce, a micro-payment system makes it possible to make small payment through electronic communication networks. In this paper, we propose a simpl...

payment order in eft can be a negotiable instrument in two ways; it can be an instrument based on custom and regulation meaning that whether it should be considered as new instrument or be incorporated in one of the current instruments. in light of iranian legal system and against common law, it is not acceptable that a new negotiable instrument be created by custom because some characteristics...

Guarantees are generally used to cover the risk of a contracting party failing fulfill its agreed obligations (such as non-payment or delivery). Collateral can be in open account trading it complements collection efforts and documentary credits. A guarantee is type protection that one imposes on other transaction event second fails according predetermined specifications. In this case, first rec...

Along with the rapid development of Internet, e-commerce has become an integral part of life. It owns most of its success to online payment. Nevertheless, some problems of the online payment are becoming the largest restricts in the development of e-commerce. The proposed Union-Bank Online Payment mode effectively solves these problems. Applying empirical research approach and model research ap...

In this paper, we propose an Internet payment system which uses a payment gateway to handle the credit card payment transaction between customers, merchants and banks. To test and evaluate the payment system, we build an online travel agency called E-Travel, which simulates a real-life E-Payment application. On-line travel services including flight reservation, selling of travel accessories, to...