background: to compare the pregnancy outcomes after two embryos versus three embryos transfers (ets) in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (ivf)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (icsi) cycles. materials and methods: this retrospective study was performed on three hundred eighty seven women with primary infertility and with at least one fresh embryo in good quality in order to transfer at e...

background: the values of embryonic stem cell and cloning are evident. production of clone from embryonic stem cells can be achieved by introduction of stem cell into a tetraploid blastocyst. tetraploid blastocyst can be produced in vitro by electrofusion of 2-cell embryos. objective: the aim of this study was to assess the effect of different voltages and durations on fusion rate of bovine 2-c...

Many investigators are interested in finding the new cultural systems that can support the in vitro development of pre-implantation embryos better. Previous studies suggested that growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) are important in pre-implantation embryo development and implantation process. On the other hand, it is very important to support post thaw development of frozen em...

background: genome instability is a main cause of chromosomal alterations in both somatic and germ cells when exposed to environmental, physical and chemical genotoxicants. germ cells especially spermatozoa are more vulnerable to suffering from dna damaging agents during spermatogenesis and also more potent in transmitting genome instability to next generation. methods: to investigate the effec...

Background Chromosomal abnormalities are common in embryos from assisted reproductive technology, ranging from 60% abnormal embryos in women

background: selecting the best embryo for transfer, with the highest chance of achieving a vital pregnancy, is a major goal in current in vitro fertilization (ivf) technology. the high rate of embryonic developmental arrest during ivf treatment is one of the limitations in achieving this goal. chromosomal abnormalities are possibly linked with chromosomal arrest and selection against abnormal f...

background: embryo cryopreservation is the process that water is removed from the cell by cryoprotectant materials, and embryos are stored at temperature below zero. this process may affect the viability and developmental potential of embryos. objective: in this study, the effect of the vitrification cryotop method on the expression level of oct4 and mest developmental genes in mouse blastocyst...

Background: The mitochondria are an important source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in pre-implantation embryo. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of vitrification and in vitro culture of mouse embryos on their mitochondrial distribution and ATP content. Methods: The embryos at 2-PN, 4-cell and blastocyst stages were collected from the oviduct of st...