Songbirds develop their songs by imitating songs of adults. For song learning to proceed normally, the bird's hearing must remain intact throughout the song development process. In many species, song learning takes place during one period early in life, and no more new song elements are learned thereafter. In these so-called close-ended learners, it has long been assumed that once song developm...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to establish the use of mobile devices by learners at a selected medical school. Distribution of mobile devices was an inaugural initiative implemented by our college. DESIGN A mixed methodology design using a questionnaire comprising both open-ended and close-ended questions was analysed from 179 (60 male; 119 female) second year medical students regis...

Given two distributions over an n element set, we wish to check whether these distributions are statistically close by only sampling. We give a sublinear algorithm which uses O(n2/3ǫ−4 logn) independent samples from each distribution, runs in time linear in the sample size, makes no assumptions about the structure of the distributions, and distinguishes the cases when the distance between the d...

This study investigates a specific method for making possible the participation of participants with cognitive and communicative impairments in social face-to-face interaction. Non-impaired co-participants design close-ended questions that project who the next speaker is, i.e. the impaired co-participant. The questions also project what kind of response amongst alternatives the impaired co-part...

Verifying participant comprehension continues to be a difficult ethical and regulatory challenge for clinical research. An increasing number of articles assessing methods to improve comprehension have been published, but they use a wide range of outcome measures including open-ended, closed-ended, and self-perceived measures of comprehension. Systematic comparisons of different measures have ra...

Vaccinations were considered to be among the most effective way in preventing further COVID-19 transmission. To date, manufactures of vaccines third phase clinical trial studies. However, extent which publics are able pay and willing for this vaccine remains unclear. This study aimed evaluate ability (ATP) willingness (WTP) vaccination Malaysia. A cross sectional was conducted 67 staff a public...

Non-Whites’ stereotypes of White women were examined, comparing three perspectives: (1) White women are perceived similarly to ethnically “generic” stereotypes of women; (2) stereotypes are opposite of stereotypes of participants’ own ethnic group; and (3) stereotypes are derived from media images of White women. In Study 1, participants listed stereotypes of White women in an open-ended fashio...

It is known that if a 2-universal hash function H is applied to elements of a block source (X1, . . . , XT ), where each item Xi has enough min-entropy conditioned on the previous items, then the output distribution (H,H(X1), . . . , H(XT )) will be “close” to the uniform distribution. We provide improved bounds on how much min-entropy per item is required for this to hold, both when we ask tha...