Litt le is known about the acquisition of another language modality on second language (L2) working memory (WM) capacity. Diff erential indexing within the WM system based on language modality may explain diff erences in performance on WM tasks in sign and spoken language. We investigated the eff ect of language modality (sign versus spoken) on L2 WM capacity. Results indicated reduced L2 WM sp...

We examine the spiking axon as a communication channel. We develop a .rst principles channel model that encompasses the noise in the axon, which manifests itself as spike jitter, and the power consumption, which arises from the activity of the Na–K pump. This model enables us to examine the trade-o4 between the information rate and power consumption. Using parameters from the frog myelinated ax...

Brolin RE , LaMarca LB , Kenler HA et al . 2002 . Malabsorptive gastric bypass in patients with super obesity . Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 6 : 195 – 205 . Burns EM , Naseem H , Bottle A et al . 2010 . Introduction of laparoscopic bariatric surgery in England: observational population cohort study . British Medical Journal 341 : c4296 . Decker GA , Swain JM , Crowell MD et al . 2007 . G...

It is argued that drug consumption, most commonly alcohol drinking, can be a technology to give up some control over one’s actions and words. It can be employed by trustworthy players to reveal their type. Similarly alcohol can function as a “social lubricant” and faciliate type revelation in conversations. It is shown that both separating and pooling equilibria can exist; as opposed to the cla...

Hyperpnea with exercise or hypercapnia causes phasic contraction of abdominal muscles, potentially lengthening the diaphragm at end expiration and unloading it during inspiration. Muscle efficiency in vitro varies with load, fiber length, and precontraction stretch. To examine whether these properties of muscle contractility determine diaphragm efficiency (Eff(di)) in vivo, we measured Eff(di) ...

in this paper we showed th at e nergy as an input has a significa nt role in th e production fun ction in the diffe rent sectors o f eco nomy. ene rgy inte nsity in th e ir ani an economy has increased dramatically d ur ing 1972-94. usi ng a cobb-douglas production fu nctio n for the diltcrc nt sectors in ir an (assuming each se ctor to usc lab o r. ca pit al and e ne rgy asinput ) we showed th...

The role of the dairy cow is to help provide high-quality protein and other nutrients for humans. We must select and manage cows with the goal of reaching the greatest possible effi ciency for any given environment. We have increased effi ciency tremendously over the years, yet the variation in productive and reproductive effi ciency among animals is still quite large. In part this is because o...