The ubiquitous life-history trade-off between reproduction and survival has long been hypothesized to reflect underlying energy-allocation trade-offs between reproductive investment and processes related to self-maintenance. Although recent work has questioned whether energy-allocation models provide sufficient explanations for the survival cost of reproduction, direct tests of this hypothesis ...

Previous research in regional energy efficiency by using macro statistical data has demonstrated that technology development could improve regional energy efficiency. Since the start of reform and opening up in 1978, China has mainly adopted energy import and foreign direct investment to promote economic growth. At the same time, the country has also increased the input of technology and R&D to...

Dr. Ming Yang is an energy and environment economist in the IEA, and Dr. William Blyth is a consultant. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policy of the International Energy Agency or of its individual member countries. As this paper is a Work in Progress, designed to elicit comments and further debate, comments are w...

Parental investment is referred to as any expenditure (time, energy, resources, etc.) that a parent incurs to benefit an offspring. Parental investment theories in evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology explore mechanisms underlying parent-offspring relationships and investment. These theories examine adaptive functions and fitness dynamics of parent-offspring relationship, and how en...

In the view of long-term comprehensive development, the concept of low-carbon economy has long been a concern. In this paper, we build a pure energy-economic system and explore the exact influencing factors in the investment allocation of high-carbon and low-carbon energy with the purpose of mitigating carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The dynamic analysis shows that the model that we built is ...