The use of exergy to correlate energy-utilization efficiencies and energy research investments is described. Specifically, energy and exergy losses are compared with energy research and development expenditures, demonstrating that the latter correlates with energy losses, even though it would be more sensible to allocate energy research and development funding in line with exergy losses, as the...

Dielectric elastomer generators (DEGs) are attractive candidates for harvesting electrical energy from mechanical work since they comprise relatively few moving parts and large elastomer sheets can be mass produced. Successfully demonstrations of the DEG prototypes have been reported from a diverse of energy sources, including ocean waves, wind, flowing water and human movement. The energy dens...

complicated potential structure formed at a constriction of positive column of a dc discharge with heated cathode in he at low discharge currents is investigated. according to the potential structure, electrons and ions are accelerated by the electric field and their energy distribution functions acquire multi humped shapes. additional maximums on distribution functions quickly disappear due to...

Losses at every stage in the food system influence the extent to which nutritional requirements of a growing global population can be sustainably met. Inefficiencies and losses in agricultural production and consumer behaviour all play a role. This paper aims to understand better the magnitude of different losses and to provide insights into how these influence overall food system efficiency. W...

We study incentive problems in electricity distribution when customer energy usage is imperfectly observable by the utility. Thus, we assume that each customer has private information about the amount of his consumed energy. Imperfect observability of individual user demand results is non-technical energy losses. In developing countries, these losses amount to 20− 30% per year, and are largely ...

The fulfillment of wide variety in energy demand by growing industries and incorporation of renewable energy source in power system is made possible by multilevel inverter. From design prospective it is also important to take care of losses took place in inverter i.e. switching and conduction losses in addition to the modulation techniques which look after harmonic spectrum in output voltage/cu...

Industrial energy consumption lies between 30% and 70% of the total energy consumed in selected countries. Cement production is one of the most energy intensive industries all around the world. This paper deals with an energy audit analysis in a cement plant in Iran. In all recent works, after performing an energy audit, different strategies are offered to reduce energy losses. Generally, t...

Industrial energy consumption lies between 30% and 70% of the total energy consumed in selected countries. Cement production is one of the most energy intensive industries all around the world. This paper deals with an energy audit analysis in a cement plant in Iran. In all recent works, after performing an energy audit, different strategies are offered to reduce energy losses. Generally, these...