landscape characteristics and land use patterns of watershed demonstrate extension, distribution, density and abundance of human interference. these factors can affect water quality of adjacent aquatic systems within a watershed. land use changes have caused various environmental problems for zayandehroud river,turned it as a sink of pollutant. therefore this is investigated that how would land...

Numerical models for atmospheres of carbon–rich long-period variables (LPVs) obtained by two different codes are compared with regard to the radial structure of the circumstellar shell, its dynamics and the propagation of shock waves, the dust formation and its effects on the dynamics and thermodynamics of the atmosphere as well as the mass loss rates and the outflow velocities. The general fea...

Southern Ocean abyssal waters, in contact with the atmosphere at their formation sites around Antarctica, not only bring signals of a changing climate with them as they move around the globe but also contribute to that change through heat uptake and sea level rise. A repeat hydrographic line in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, occupied three times in the last two decades (1994, 2007, an...

This paper presents a Multi-valued Decision Diagram (MDD) that has additional null-value and all-value edges. The MDD is based on a multivalued algebra that augments multi-valued variables to allow a null output value. A null output value represents the lack of any valid value for a given input combination (akin to an output don’t care, but its value cannot be changed). A side effect of the nul...

Information about the distribution of grass nitrogen (N) concentration is crucial in understanding rangeland vitality and facilitates effective management of wildlife and livestock. A challenge in estimating grass N concentration using remote sensing in savannah ecosystems is that these areas are characterised by heterogeneity in edaphic, topographic and climatic factors. The objective is to te...

The local activity principle of the Cellular Nonlinear Network (CNN) introduced by Chua [1997] has provided a powerful tool for studying the emergence of complex patterns in a homogeneous lattice formed by coupled cells. This paper presents some analytical criteria for the local activity of two-port CNN cells with three or four state variables. As a first application, a coupled excitable cell m...

We review patterns of plant species richness with respect to variables related to resource availability and variables that have direct physiological impact on plant growth or resource availability. This review suggests that there are a variety of patterns of species richness along environmental gradients reported in the literature. However, part of this diversity may be explained by the differe...