Crowd-sourced biodiversity databases provide easy access to data and images for ecological education research. One concern with using publicly sourced databases; however, is the quality of their images, taxonomic descriptions, geographical metadata. The method presented in this paper attempts address a suite pipelines evaluate consistency, how well geo-tagging fits known distributions, image cr...

The idea that the whole can represent more than the sum of the parts is of fundamental importance in science, as illustrated in complexity theory: the emergent behavior of many complex systems cannot simply be derived from their individual components. In quantum mechanics, this phenomenon appears in a particularly subtle form: certain physical quantities, relevant to the description of quantum ...

An optimization problem for systems that are subject to perturbations where both state observations and control actions are impulsive is here addressed. The dynamics equation is given by a differential inclusion ( ) ( , ( )) x t F t x t ∈ and the optimal strategy is the minimizer of the worst viable perturbation process (minimax). Such formulation is appropriate when noise is barely known but l...

Christopher H. Wheeler is a research officer in the Research division of the Bank. He previously was an assistant professor of economics at Tulane University in New Orleans. Wheeler received his doctoral and master’s degrees in economics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1998 and 1995, respectively, and his bachelor’s degree in economics from Colby College in Waterville, Maine, in 199...