background: maternal mortality ratio (mmr) is one of the main indicators of the millennium development goals and its accurate estimation is very important for the countries concerned. the objective of this study is to evaluate the applicability of capture‑recapture (crc) as an analytical method to estimate mmr in countries. methods: we used the crc method to estimate mmr in iran for 2004 and 20...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of benzalkonium (BAK)-free travoprost monotherapy administered for 3 years on intraocular pressure and visual field performance. METHODS The intraocular pressure of 76 patients with normal tension glaucoma was monitored every 1-3 months. A Humphrey visual field test was performed every 6 months after treatment and compared with ...

In vitro and in vivo laboratory data point to chemoprotective effects of flavonoids on colorectal cancer. However, there has been limited epidemiologic research on the dietary intake of flavonoids and risk of colorectal cancer. Recent expansions of dietary databases to include flavonoid data now make such studies feasible. Association between the six main classes of flavonoids and the risk of c...

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is one of the most commonly encountered gastroenterologic diseases in Korea. The trend in diagnosis and treatment of PUD in Korea has changed in the past decade with the introduction of endoscopy and potent acid suppressants such as proton pump inhibitors. The discovery of Helicobacter pylori has opened a new era for the understanding of pathogenesis and management of...

In regulation of exposures to hazardous environmental agents, epidemiologic evidence is especially important in defining human risk estimates. The process of developing appropriate regulations is complex, however, and depends on many considerations beyond those established to a high degree of scientific certainty. Thus the needs of regulatory agencies are involved in the way epidemiologic data ...

INTRODUCTION Raw seafood consumption has frequently been linked to gastroenteritis and Norovirus is a common cause. In February and March 2010, there was an increase cases of gastroenteritis on the remote island of Agios Efstratios in the Northern Aegean Sea, Greece. A massive increase in seafood consumption associated with a religious festival a few days prior to the outbreak suggested seafood...

Confounding should always be addressed in studies concerned with causality. When present, it results in a biased estimate of the effect of exposure on disease. The bias can be negative—resulting in underestimation of the exposure effect—or positive, and can even reverse the apparent direction of effect. It is a concern no matter what the design of the study or what statistic is used to measure ...

BACKGROUND The issue of poor response rates to population surveys has existed for some decades, but few studies have explored methods to improve the response rate in follow-up population cohort studies. METHODS A sample of 100,000 adults from the 45 and Up Study, a large population cohort in Australia, were followed up 3.5 years after the baseline cohort was assembled. A pilot mail-out of 500...

BACKGROUND Vitamin D compounds inhibit prostate tumorigenesis experimentally, but epidemiologic data are inconsistent with respect to prostate cancer risk, with some studies suggesting nonsignificant positive associations. METHODS The 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D]-prostate cancer relation was examined in a nested case-control study within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention...