Formal epistemology is a discipline with various branches and sub-branches dealing with precise representations of attitudes and their flux. The formal tools utilized for this purpose go from standard probability theory to non-standard (or infinitesimal) probability, to decision theoretical tools to logical tools. These lectures are divided in two parts. The first part deals with static represe...

Public announcements are used in dynamic epistemic logic to model certain kinds of information change. A formula 〈ψ〉φ represents the statement that after ψ is publicly announced φ will be the case. Sometimes we want to reason about whether it is possible for φ to become true after some announcement. In order to do this an arbitrary public announcement operator ♦ can be added to an epistemic log...

The dynamic turn in Epistemic Logic is based on the idea that notions of information should be studied together with the actions that modify them. Dynamic epistemic logics have explored how knowledge and beliefs change as consequence of, among others, acts of observation and upgrade. Nevertheless, the omniscient nature of the represented agents has kept finer actions outside the picture, the mo...

In epistemic logic, Kripke structures are used to model the distribution of information in a multi-agent system. In this paper, we present an approach to quantifying how much information each particular agent in a system has, or how important the agent is, with respect to some fact represented as a goal formula. It is typically the case that the goal formula is distributed knowledge in the syst...

There will be simplifying assumptions and idealizations in the availability models of complex processes and phenomena. These simplifications and idealizations generate uncertainties which can be classified as aleatory (arising due to randomness) and/or epistemic (due to lack of knowledge). The problem of acknowledging and treating uncertainty is vital for practical usability of reliability anal...

the warrant of truth has long been drawing the attention of philosophers.in order to find out the truth value one should determine first the criterion of truth. discursive or representational knowledge are related to objects external of mind and so since external circumstances are involved in occurrence of this sort of knowledge, its truth value is diminished. presential knowledge, however, is ...

This paper provides a complete characterization of epistemic models in which distributed knowledge complies with the principle of full communication [HOE 99, GER 99]. It also introduces an extended notion of bisimulation and corresponding model comparison games that match the expressive power of distributed knowledge operators.