This study aimed at investigating the effects of grammatical error correction on EFL learners’ accuracy. Twenty-two male and female senior students were chosen randomly to respond to a questionnaire investigating their beliefs about immediate grammatical error correction.  Actually, the study was conducted in order to answer this question: what is the effect of grammatical error feedback on stu...

We develop a mathematical foundation for operator quantum error correction. This is a new paradigm for the error correction of quantum operations that incorporates the known techniques — i.e. the standard error correction model, the method of decoherence-free subspaces, and the noiseless subsystem method — as special cases, and relies on a generalized notion of noiseless subsystems that is not ...

Bangladesh, a developing economy, contains trade deficit from her very inception. This paper makes an effort to understand the time series behavior of total export and total import of Bangladesh. Unit root tests recognize the existence of random walk in total export and total import time series. Johansen cointegration test reveals long-run equilibrium relationship between these two variables. G...

In this paper, we propose a three-phase text error correction model consisting of a word spacing error correction phase, a syllablebased spelling error correction phase, and a word-based spelling error correction phase. In order to reduce the text error correction complexity, the proposed model corrects text errors step by step. With the aim of correcting word spacing errors, spelling errors, a...

Elasticities of demand and supply for South African manufactured exports are estimated using a vector error correction model in order to address simultaneity and non-stationarity issues. Demand is highly price-elastic, with elasticities ranging from –3 to –6. The price elasticity of supply is generally about 1, but some estimates are as low as 0.35. Competitors’ prices and world income are impo...

Theoretical predictions and empirical evidence on the impact of foreign aid and fiscal policy on growth are mixed. This paper examines the effect of fiscal variables (government expenditure and revenue) and aid on growth using annual time series data for Kenya over the period 1964 – 2002. Multivariate cointegration (VAR) and vector error correction models (VECM) are estimated to establish both ...

We present a unified approach to quantum error correction, called operator quantum error correction. Our scheme relies on a generalized notion of a noiseless subsystem that is investigated here. By combining the active error correction with this generalized noiseless subsystems method, we arrive at a unified approach which incorporates the known techniques--i.e., the standard error correction m...

purpose:the user interface of federated search engines is very important because it can make effective search, retrieval, and user interaction with the system. . identifying the most important indicators of the federated search engine user interface is a solution to enhance the applicability of the search engine interface. the purpose of this study was to examine the role of search, screen, nav...

Any research or policy analysis exercise in economics must be consistent with the timeseries properties of observed macroeconomic data. This paper discusses in detail the specification of a six-variable vector error-correction forecasting model. We test for cointegration among those variables: the CPI, the implicit price deflator for GDP, real money balances (M1), the federal funds rate, the yi...

This paper is an expanded and more detailed version of the work [1] in which the Operator Quantum Error Correction formalism was introduced. This is a new scheme for the error correction of quantum operations that incorporates the known techniques — i.e. the standard error correction model, the method of decoherence-free subspaces, and the noiseless subsystem method — as special cases, and reli...