This study has three main objectives. First, to point and discuss the principal features, advantages, and limitations of distributed state estimators. Second, to analyze structures and methodologies related to the distributed state estimation problem, with emphasis on the heterarchical one. Finally, to delineate some prospects for future investigations.

These cases illustrate the productive juxtaposition of independent analyses of the same events by archaeologists and by geneticists. One can also envisage a more subtle relationship in which the strengths of each discipline are used collaboratively. One could argue, for instance, that archaeological dating is more precise and accurate than molecular dating, for prehistoric events which need to ...

1 Department of Applied Mathematics, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan 2 Department of Statistics/Graduate Institute of Statistics & Actuarial Science, Feng Chia University Taichung 407, Taiwan 3 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan 4 The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan 5 ECARES-Solvay Brussels School of Eco...

ESTIMABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 General Form of an Estimable Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Introduction to Reduction Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Using Symbolic Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

There are many factors in task design that might make it ‘complex’: having multiple components, having multiple crossdependent components, tasks that involve comparison, evaluation, estimation, or learning. In this paper, we discuss a case study of a complex task we may consider to be highly natural, a common concern for many people, and one that ‘should’ have a clear answer, but doesn’t: how d...