It is well established that females mount stronger immune responses than males, but only very little is understood about the underlying mechanisms. We have analyzed local cytokine differences among intact females, those that had been ovariectomized (OVX), those receiving estrogen replacement after OVX, and males, both before and after production of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses....

Menopausal hormone decline contributes significantly to the risk of osteoporosis. Therapies for treating osteoporosis, such as hormone replacement therapy (estrogen or combination estrogen-progestins), inhibit bone resorption. Both animal and human studies demonstrate phytoestrogenic soy isoflavones favorably impact bone health. The exact mechanism is still unclear. Additional research is neede...

Assessing benefits and risks of estrogen and hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women has been a long story with conflicting results and major changes in paradigms.1,2 Observational studies had consistently demonstrated a reduction in mortality and cardiovascular disease incidence in women on hormone replacement therapy compared to postmenopausal women not on replacement therapy. How...

BACKGROUND Postmenopausal estrogen deficiency is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk, hypertension, and oxidative stress. Angiotensin type 1 (AT(1)) receptor regulation is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. To characterize vascular function, oxidative stress, and AT(1) receptor regulation during estrogen deficiency, ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)...

Cardiovascular disease, primarily coronary heart disease (CHD), outnumbers the next 16 causes of death in women combined. However, the long-held belief that heart disease in women has a more benign prognosis than in men has resulted in less aggressive diagnosis and management patterns. Appreciation of the differences between men and women in CHD risk factors and presentation can assist in treat...

Assessing benefits and risks of estrogen and hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women has been a long story with conflicting results and major changes in paradigms.1,2 Observational studies had consistently demonstrated a reduction in mortality and cardiovascular disease incidence in women on hormone replacement therapy compared to postmenopausal women not on replacement therapy. How...

Introduction : Peptic ulcer occurs more frequently in men than in women, sex differences are less marked after 45 years of age probably because the incidence of ulcer increases in post menopausal women. The general assumption is that the ulcer differences between sexes are related in some way to sex hormones and that the female sex hormones protect against ulceration. The aim of the this study ...

High concentrations of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis, cannot be managed by the usual lipid-lowering agents. It has been suggested that Lp(a) levels are related to female sex hormones. Estrogen replacement therapy makes the lipid profiles favorable for delaying atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. The effects of the combination therapy of estrogen and...

OBJECTIVE We sought to review the status of patients with breast cancer who were treated with estrogen replacement therapy and compare the results with those of nonestrogenic hormone users and women not treated with hormone replacement. STUDY DESIGN The study group consisted of 76 patients with breast cancer, including 50 using estrogen replacement for up to 32 years, 8 using nonestrogenic ho...

Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis.Thromb Haemost 2000; 84: 918. 4. Oger E, Scarabin PY. Assessment of the risk for venous thromboembolism among users of hormone replacement therapy. Drugs Aging 1999; 14: 55-61. 5. Hulley S, Crady C, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, Vittinghoff E for the heart and Estrogen/progestin Repla...