While political conflicts have been extensively studied by political scientists, criminal conflicts have received much less attention, especially by theorists in the field. Focusing on the latter type of conflict, we address why an individual crime across an ethnic or tribal border often leads to large-scale violence. Building on rational choice theory, we present three hypothetical mechanisms ...

The characteristics of 74 patients who attempted suicide in Penang are described. Differences in the incidence and reasons for and methods of attempting were observed among the ethnic groups. There was a higher incidence in females and patients of single status. The majordy of patients did not suffer from severe psychiatric disorders, but did encounter chronic inter-personal and intra-familial ...

Ethnic defection and pro-government militias are two recurring features of ethnic conflicts. There is a strong connection between these elements, with incumbents using to absorb defectors from rebel constituencies into their ranks. However, relatively little work has been carried out on this link. Most works exploring have treated defector militias, as the article refers them, result defection....

D its fundamental role in legitimizing the modern state system, nationalism has rarely been linked to the outbreak of political violence in the recent literature on ethnic conflict and civil war. to a large extent, this is because the state is absent from many conventional theories of ethnic conflict. indeed, some studies analyze conflict between ethnic groups under conditions of state failure,...

The main objective of this study is to understand the foundations violent ethnic conflicts Baluchistan, a federating unit Pakistan so that primary causes conflict are be addressed. mainstream theories primordialism, instrumentalism and constructivism reviewed applied in context Baluchistan. This attempt has been made because past state responded without understanding real foundations. qualitati...