In this essay we present an introduction to evaluation issues in the United States and European Community (EC) to illustrate the two schools of thought. Following development of draft national and regional criteria, the US, Canada, and EC are working on Common Criteria (CC). We compare the proposed evaluation approaches in the hope that in the international process of developing the Common Crit...

Recently enacted UK legislation has focused attention on risks to the health of health care staff engaged in control of infection procedures. The Regulations comply with a European Community (EC) directive. Occupational exposure to disinfectants and sterilants is widespread and requires close attention to ensure that it is adequately controlled. The aldehydes in particular present serious healt...

ERCIM News is the magazine of ERCIM. Published quarterly, it reports on joint actions of the ERCIM partners, and aims to reflect the contribution made by ERCIM to the European Community in Information Technology and Applied Mathematics. Through short articles and news items, it provides a forum for the exchange of information between the institutes and also with the wider scientific community. ...

This special issue commemorates the fiftieth anniversary of the Journal of Common Market Studies. Over five decades, the journal has charted the deep transformations wrought by integration in Europe: of markets and economic organization; law and courts; party systems and interest group politics; and of regulation, both public and private. Along the way, scholarship on the EC/EU gradually turned...

OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP) infections DESIGN Retrospective cohort SETTING Inpatient care at community hospitals PATIENTS All patients with ESBL-EC or ESBL-KP infections METHODS ESBL-EC and ESBL-KP infections from 26 community hospitals were prospectively entered into a ce...

To cite: Edouard L. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2015;41:303–305. SUMMARY Twenty-five years ago, in 1990, family planning (FP) professionals were concerned about the implications of European Community (EC) policies for future directions regarding service delivery. With budgetary threats in the UK, the value of contraceptive services for avoiding abortions and improving maternal health was hig...

BACKGROUND Subjects with stroke show higher energy cost (EC) during walking, when compared to healthy individuals, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. Additionally, the behavior of physiological variables during other activities has not been investigated. OBJECTIVES To investigate energy expenditure (EE) and EC during the six-minute walking test (6MWT) and stair climb test (SCT) in c...

BACKGROUND/AIMS Although multidrug resistance (MDR) among extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) poses significant therapeutic challenges, little is known regarding the risk factors and epidemiology of community-onset MDR-ESBL-EC infections. We performed this study to investigate risk factors and the molecular epidemiology of community-onset MDR-ESBL-EC infections. ...

Globalization is an important reason for the current interest in the harmonization of national policies. In the European Community/Union harmonization of the national laws and policies of the member states was one of three legal techniques the Rome Treaty made available for establishing and maintaining a common market. The long history of policy harmonization in the EC/EU provides a good empiri...

This Working Party was set up under Article 29 of Directive 95/46/EC. It is an independent European advisory body on data protection and privacy. Its tasks are described in Article 30 of Directive 95/46/EC and Article 15 of Directive 2002/58/EC. The secretariat is provided by Directorate C (Fundamental Rights and Union Citizenship) of the European Commission, Directorate General Justice, B-1049...