This article starts by looking at Article 86 of the ECC Treaty governing antitrust violations and the significance of “dominant position” in applying the Rule. The author then explains how in light of United Brands v. Commission, a Court of Justice of the European Communities Court, evidence of dominance may be classified in four categories. Next, the author explains the different types of abus...

Abstract Objectives Data on the consumption of macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (MLS) in community were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence change-points changes composition main subgroups MLS. Methods For period 1997–2017, data MLS, i.e. ATC group J01F, aggregated at level ac...

Abstract Objectives The quality of antibiotic consumption in the community can be assessed using 12 drug-specific indicators (DSQIs) developed by European Surveillance Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) project. We compared 2009 and 2017 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) evaluated impact different DDD values (ATC/DDD indices 2011 2019) for assessment these DSQIs a joint scientific opinion (JSO) ind...

the presence of european physicians in iran during the qajar period had political and religious dimensions, in addition to its health aspects. different segments of iranian society had a very hard life due to the increasing epidemics and relative ineffectiveness of traditional medicine in the treatment of diseases. being accomplished through an analytic-descriptive method, the present research ...

Two main political and economic paradigms have framed the Social Europe so far. The first one has consisted in the (German) “ordoliberalism”, which has played a key role in structuring the foundations of the European Community as well as those of the Monetary Union. The other and more recent one is the so called “Social Investment Strategy” ” recently endorsed by the European Commission. Both n...

BACKGROUND Reducing health inequalities is a top priority of the public health agendas in Europe. The EPHE project aims to analyse the added value of a community-based interventional programme based on EPODE methodology, adapted for the reduction of socio-economic inequalities in childhood obesity. The interventions that will be implemented by this project focus on four energy balance-related b...

The relationship between financial development and economic growth is the crucial issues which could grab economists and policy makers' attention to it. Financial market plays an essential role on each economy, because it conducts funds to those individuals or firms which have productive investment opportunities. If the financial system does not perform this role efficiently, the economic effic...

There are a wide range of modern waste disposal systems and the costs of operating them greatly vary. The type of waste disposal system to be used is selected based on the nature of the operation, process and needs of the local community. In Iran, mixed municipal waste with significant contamination and humidity is prevalent. As a result, the most commonly used methods implemented in European a...

A main operating assumption of Community Change Initiatives (CCIs) is that communities in general, and community-based organizations in particular, can improve economic opportunities and outcomes in their communities through community economic development.1 It is hoped that by stimulating business activity in the local neighborhood, community economic development programs can enhance the qualit...

The paper reviews the experience of Poland and Russia with economic reform, with occasional comparison to China’s experience. The author argues that macroeconomic chaos in Poland and Russia preceded reform and was allayed by reform; that there is no necessary tradeoff between reform and growth, and that the Polish and Russian experience shows that it is possible to create clear property rights ...