Traditional approaches to digital forensics deal with the reconstruction of events within digital devices that were often not built for the creation of evidence. This paper focuses on incorporating requirements for forensic readiness – designing in features and characteristics that support the use of the data produced by digital devices as evidence. The legal requirements that such evidence mus...

In modern legal systems, the litigated issues are numerous, the reasoning is complex, and the decision-making processes are highly regulated. Moreover, the decision-making integrates legal rules and policies with expert and non-expert evidence. What is needed is a means of representing, studying, and partially automating such complex legal reasoning. This paper presents a visual framework for m...

sometimes there comes a pronoun after a common [individual], which has apparently been used as the object of a legal decision (ḥukm), and by means of external evidence, the certainty is achieved that this pronoun refers to some common individuals. then, the question arises as to whether reference of the pronoun to some common individuals would cause its designation or the common generality cont...

the renowned majority of legal theoreticians (uṣūliyyūn) believe that the premises of ḥikmat are three: 1. the possibility of absoluteness and limitation (iṭlāq wa taqyīd); 2. non-provision of evidence (qarīna); and 3. the speaker being in an expressive position. muḥaqqiq khurāsānī, however, has added a fourth premise, i.e., lack of agreed certitude in conversing face to face (takhātub). some l...

the present article tries to prove that there is a reverse relation between the role of state in political society and its liability. in other words, the greater state’s interference with the political society, the less will be its responsibility and hence its liability. on contrary, making limitation to the state’s role in political society will increase its responsibility and thus its liabili...

one of the traditions relied on by shī‘a jurists in jurisprudence and especially in the discourse on judgment and testimonies is the tradition or the story of imam ‘alī’s (a.s.) lost coat of mail. the coat of mail being found in the market while it had been put on sale by someone, the imam’s going to the judge, filing a lawsuit against that person, and providing evident proofs in the court hear...

A Bayesian network (BN) is a graphical model of uncertainty that is especially well-suited to legal arguments. It enables us to visualise and model dependencies between different hypotheses and pieces of evidence and to calculate the revised probability beliefs about all uncertain factors when any piece of new evidence is presented. Although BNs have been widely discussed and recently used in t...

A Bayesian network (BN) is a graphical model of uncertainty that is especially well suited to legal arguments. It enables us to visualize and model dependencies between different hypotheses and pieces of evidence and to calculate the revised probability beliefs about all uncertain factors when any piece of new evidence is presented. Although BNs have been widely discussed and recently used in t...

In law as well as in linguistics researchers work with texts. In recent years both disciplines are turning away from the introspective approach to a more empirical, evidence-based practice. Digital sources and programmes for statistical analyses of mass data have become increasingly available and offer new opportunities for linguistic research. In law and legal linguistics a growing number of r...