Programmed death-1 (PD-1) regulates T cell exhaustion during chronic infections. Blocking the PD-1:PD-ligand (PD-L) pathway reinvigorates exhausted CD8 T cells. Exactly how blocking PD-1:PD-L interactions improves T cell immunity, however, remains unclear. PD-1:PD-L blockade could reprogram all exhausted T cells to become antiviral effectors. Alternatively, this blockade might selectively expan...

Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) represents the largest reservoir of HIV-1. The aim of the study is: 1) to establish the viral and cellular characteristics of the HIV-1 rectal reservoir from chronically infected men under antiretroviral therapy (ART) for more than one year and less than five years, and, 2) to correlate the size of the rectal reservoir and the cellular composition of rectal...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is a complex neurological disease and its prevalence is about 2 million in the world. neuroinflammation plays a key role in ms. vitamins are essential nutrients that have effective role on immune system including activation of lymphocyte and differentiation of t-helper cell. vitamin d is a micronutrient that is effective on immune function. deficiently of vitamin d is a ...

background: microrna-155 (mir-155) is upregulated during t cell activation, but the exact mechanisms by which it influences cd4+ t cell activation remain unclear. objective: to examine whether the b and t lymphocyte attenuator (btla) is a target of mir-155 during naïve cd4+ t cell activation. methods: firefly luciferase reporter plasmids pezx-mt01-wild-type-btla and pezx-mt01-mutant-btla were c...

CD8 T cells are important for maintaining the chronicity of Toxoplasma gondii infection. In a T. gondii encephalitis susceptible model, we recently demonstrated that CD4 T cells play an essential helper role in the maintenance of the effector response and CD8 T cell dysfunctionality was linked to CD4 T cell exhaustion. However, CD4 T cells are constituted of different subsets with various funct...

LAG-3 has been shown to act as an inhibitory molecule involved in the regulation of T cell activation, proliferation and homeostasis. Exhausted T cell populations that evolve in the tumor microenvironment or during chronic viral infections show coordinated expression of LAG-3 and PD1. LAG-3 is structurally related to CD4 and binds to MHCII. Anti-LAG-3 antibodies have demonstrated preclinical ef...

Background Within the tumor microenvironment, distinct CD4+ T cell subsets can play different and even opposite roles either promoting or suppressing anti-tumor responses through recognition of antigens presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules. However, how cancers co-opt these processes to shape intratumoral landscape achieve immune evasion remains incompletely understood....