The focus of this research is on how the position competitiveness Indonesian rubber exports among ASEAN countries and dominant factors causing experienced a downward. Approach to measuring export uses Lafay Index, that affect using Diamond model by panel data analysis method. results show there has been decline in Indonesia's countries, greatest occurred Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand. Factors m...

O ne of the goals of macroeconomics is to explain the aggregate sources of changes in goods' prices. If there was a single consumption good in the world, as is often assumed in models, describing the price changes of consumption would be a trivial matter. But, in reality, there are many goods and prices, and there is an important distinction between price changes that are equiproportional acros...

I n this paper, the evaluation of the real exchange rate transfer and the asymmetric transmission of real exchange rate fluctuations to the export prices of food products for the country during the period (2001-2015) was studied using two approaches of PMG and GMM systems. The TGARCH method was used to calculate the real exchange rate fluctuation index and the Markov Switching method was u...

A key emerging insight in international economics is that the scope for quality differentiation can help to explain patterns in export prices at the level of products or firms. In this paper, a unified theoretical framework of firm heterogeneity in cost and quality is brought to bear on an expansive data set of U.S. import transaction prices collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Th...

We extend the trade model with firm heterogeneity developed by Melitz and Ottaviano (2008), incorporating domestic and imported intermediate goods, in order to investigate the impact of import barriers on final and intermediate goods on firms’ decisions to produce and to export. Our main contribution is to disentangle the channels through which these trade policies work. When variable trade cos...

We examine two important aspects of Australia’s terms of trade using 135 years of annual data up to 2003/04. Since Australia predominantly exports commodities and imports manufactures, the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis suggests that there should be a negative trend in the terms of trade. But the trend is no more than −0.1 per cent per annum, less than the trend decline in world commodity prices re...

Background: Socioeconomic indicators are the main factors that affect health outcome. Health price index (HPI) and households living costs (HLC) are affected by economic reform. This study aimed at examining the effect of subsidy targeting plan (STP) on HPI and HLC. Methods: The social accounting matrix was used to study the direct and indirect effects of STP. We chose 11 health related goods a...

This paper illustrates how public goods may be incorporated into a cost-of-living index. When public goods are weak complements to a market good, quality-adjusted prices for the market good capture all the welfare information required. They are also consistent with a Laspeyres index that maintains the bound on a true cost-of-living index. The paper recovers this information from a discrete-choi...

raisin is the second major export item in iranian agricultural section after pistachio. in this study, effects of exchange rate fluctuations were investigated on quantity and price of exported raisin. therefore, data of 1970 to 2008 were reviewed by time series analysis and estimated by auto-regressive distributed lag model (ardl). results show the absence of a long-term relationship between ex...