A variety of developmental defects occur as a result of prenatal exposure to alcohol (ethanol) in utero. In humans [5], those defects are collectively classified as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [6] (FAS) representing the more severe defects. FAS is defined by preand post-natal growth retardation [7], minor facial abnormalities, and deficiencies in the central ne...

A variety of developmental defects occur as a result of prenatal exposure to alcohol (ethanol) in utero. In humans [5], those defects are collectively classified as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [6] (FAS) representing the more severe defects. FAS is defined by preand post-natal growth retardation [7], minor facial abnormalities, and deficiencies in the central ne...

Alcohol (ethanol) consumption in pregnancy is the etiology of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), a leading cause of congenital disability worldwide. Hence, any attempt to prevent or manage FASD must start from comprehensive understanding of alcohol consumption by women in general, and by women of reproductive years in particular. This review presents and synthesizes studies conducted world...

A variety of developmental defects occur as a result of prenatal exposure to alcohol (ethanol) in utero. In humans [5], those defects are collectively classified as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [6] (FAS) representing the more severe defects. FAS is defined by preand post-natal growth retardation [7], minor facial abnormalities, and deficiencies in the central ne...

One of the (at least theoretically) most easily detectable features of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is a distinct pattern of facial characteristics. However, in many children prenatally exposed to alcohol, these characteristics are expressed only subtly, making it difficult to correctly identify children with these disorders. To date, several studies ...

Fetal alcohol syndrome and its wider spectrum of presentation fetal alcohol spectrum disorders represent a range of disorders that are sometimes difficult to recognise as they may present in a way that overlaps with other conditions. This makes identification and recognition challenging, which increases the burden associated with the disorder. When considering the reduction in morbidity, both p...