Much work has demonstrated that speakers of verb-final languages are able to construct rich syntactic representations in advance of verb information. This may reflect general architectural properties of the language processor, or it may only reflect a language-specific adaptation to the demands of verb-finality. The present study addresses this issue by examining whether speakers of a verb-medi...

Minimalist grammars cannot provide adequate descriptions of constructions in which a single filler saturates two mutually independent gaps, as is commonly analyzed to be the case in parasitic gap constructions and other across-the-board extraction phenomena. In this paper, I show how a simple addition to the minimalist grammar formalism allows for a unified treatment of control and parasitic ga...

We present a mobile application for learners of English as a second language that instantaneously generates gap filling exercises from a given text. The app provides an opportunity for contextualized vocabulary learning, customized to the learner’s interest. Part of the exercise is a multiple choice of the original gap filler plus a set of incorrect distractor items. The key problem to solve in...

canopy gaps are one of the most important structural features of forest ecosystems, and studying of them can have useful results and implications for forest management. the aim of this study is investigation of characteristics and regeneration within canopy gaps in an intact beech stand in the shastkalateh experimental forest of hyrcanian region, north of iran. all canopy gaps and related fores...

The current study examined the relationship between verbal memory span and the latency with which a filler-gap dependency is constructed. A previous behavioral study found that low span listeners did not exhibit antecedent reactivation at gap sites in relative clauses, in comparison to high verbal memory span subjects (Roberts et al. in J Psycholinguist Res 36(2):175-188, 2007), which suggests ...

Mental representations formed from words or phrases may vary considerably in their feature-based complexity. Modern theories of retrieval in sentence comprehension do not indicate how this variation and the role of encoding processes should influence memory performance. Here, memory retrieval in language comprehension is shown to be influenced by a target's representational complexity in terms ...

Acoustic properties of disfluent repetitions are examined to investigate two proposed functions of repeating. Repeating may serve as a filler while hesitating; alternatively, repeating may function to bridge a gap when speech resumes after a break. Classification of tokens based on pause patterns reveals that: (1) most cases fit the bridging function; and (2) duration and F0 properties support ...

This paper discusses two issues related to the parsing of filler-gap dependencies, also known as movement relations. In the first half I suggest how to strengthen or refute the empirical basis for the claim that gaps (left by whmovement) in subject position are processed differently from those posited in post-verbal positions. In the second half I show how, if this claim is true, it can be mode...

In this paper, I shall discuss the status of Hausa resumptive pronouns. I shall argue that the asymmetry between island-sensitive wh-extraction and island-insensitive relativisation is best captured at the filler site, rather than at the gap site. The analysis proposed here builds crucially on recent HPSG work on island-insensitive rightward movement, arguing in favour of anaphoric processes wi...

1. Introduction Relative clauses have been extensively studied from several perspectives. Cross-linguistic research findings indicate a relatively consistent pattern of performance since they show that subject relatives are significantly easier to acquire and process These findings have been interpreted in terms of the length of the dependencies required for subject and object relatives. As sho...