during the safavid rule, due to the close relationship between the government and the structure of religious institution, the economic life of many religious leaders was based on the bureaucratic salaries and aids granted by the government. however, after the fall of safavids and transfer of the shia scientific and juridico-religious centres (i.e. seminaries) from iran to the holy cities of ira...

Micro financing is providing financial services and resources for low-income people to improve their financial situation. In many less developed countries, providing these services for low-income classes was next to impossible due to high interest rates and heavy collaterals and guarantees that banks and other credit institutions demand. Micro financing was used since 1960s as a fundamenta...

Agents interacting in a dynamically changing spatial environment often need to access the same spatial resources. A typical example is given by moving vehicles that meet at an intersection in a street network. In such situations right-of-way rules regulate the actions the vehicles involved may perform. For this application scenario we show how the Golog framework for reasoning about action and ...

Article history: Available online 3 April 2010

financial policies in major parts of the samanid era as well as throughout the ghaznavid period were very tyrannical and in this period much oppression was inflicted upon the subjects and the affluent land owners in particular. heavy tributes and other financial infringes and demands in this period, which lasted about a century in khurāsān, plundered and confiscated many properties and lands of...