This paper presents two related algebras which can be used to specify and analyse concurrent systems with synchronous and asynchronous communications. The first algebra is based on a class of P/T-nets, called boxes, and their standard transition firing rule. It is an extension of the Petri Box Calculus (PBC). Essentially, the original model is enriched with the introduction of special ‘buffer’ ...

Although Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is commonly characterized by extrahepatic manifestations of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), coexistence of PBC and Graves’ disease (GD) is uncommon. This is a review of the English and Japanese scientific literature, comprising 7 cases of PBC and GD coexistence. All patients were female. In 4 cases, both diseases were almost simultaneously diagnosed, where...

BACKGROUND Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has an autoimmune aetiology, although little is known regarding the mechanisms of breakdown of self tolerance. One postulated mechanism of control of self tolerance is through interacting T cell subsets, a phenomenon explored in this study. AIMS To characterise and compare T cell subset responses to an antigen (tuberculin purified protein derivative ...

BACKGROUND Enhanced expression of cell cycle inhibitor p27(kip1) suppresses cell proliferation. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) delays progression of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) but its effect on p27(kip1) expression is uncertain. AIMS To analyze the expression of p27(kip1) and its transcription modulator FoxO1 in patients with PBC, and to assess the impact of UDCA on this pathway. MATERIAL...

The present study aimed to analyze the imaging, clinical and pathological features of fungal infection involvement in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) by retrospectively analyzing and reviewing the features of two patients with fungal infection involvement in PBC. Both patients were female. One patient had a confirmed diagnosis of PBC. The other patient had confirmed Sjogren syndrome and PBC. Th...

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by inflammatory destruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts. The differential diagnosis for PBC often includes autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Both diseases can show prominent plasma cells and other overlapping histologic features. It is interesting that both diseases can involve elevated levels of serum immunoglobu...

PURPOSE Several previous studies suggested that HLA-Class II may be associated with susceptibility to primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), but data from individual studies remain controversial. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis is needed to comprehensively evaluate the association between HLA-Class II and PBC risk. METHODS All published reports of an association between HLA class I...

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is associated with immune-mediated dermatologic disorders. The association of PBC with erythema nodosum (EN) seems rare. We report two females (42 and 44 years old) with low-grade fever, arthralgias, and elevated cholestatic enzymes in the first and fatigue in the second. Patients were also suffering from typical EN lesions characterized by multiple erythematous,...

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) is considered an autoimmune disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts and its characteristic serologic marker, the anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA). Several factors were proposed to clarify the pathological and immunological mechanisms of PBC. Immunological reaction with a bacterial or a viral association was identified ...

Although autoimmune diseases are often concomitant, the coexistence of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is not common. This is a review of the English and Japanese literature, regarding concomitant cases of PBC and AIHA. Among the 23 concomitant cases, PBC was diagnosed first in 10 cases and both diseases were almost simultaneously diagnosed in the remainin...