AIM The objectives were to find the incidence and topography of the occipital emissary foramina in skulls of South Indian Region. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the present study, 78 dried adult human skulls were examined. They were analyzed for the gross incidence and position of the occipital emissary foramen. The observations were made in the squamous part of the occipital bone from the posterior...

Variable foramen on the grater wing of sphenoid bone, which is simultaneously complementary opening between the orbit and middle cranial fossa. It can be find, unilaterally or bilaterally, lateral to the superior orbital fissure, below posterior margin of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone. The aim of this work was, to establish, the incidence of this variable foramen between orbit and middl...

OBJECTIVES To identify measurements that may help intra-operative localisation of the sphenopalatine foramen. DESIGN The study used three-dimensional surgical navigation software to study radiological anatomy, in order to define the distances and angulations between identifiable bony landmarks and the sphenopalatine foramen. RESULTS The distance from the anterior nasal spine to the sphenopa...

background: stroke, one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, is of great importance in young adults (15-45 years), amongst whom the causes of stroke and transient ischemic attack (tia) are different from those in older ages and a significant portion of them have no known etiology. patent foramen ovale (pfo) is considered a probable cause in this group. methods: ...

the mean percentage of cryptogenic strokes among ischemic strokes is 31%, of which one-third may be associated with patent foramen ovale. the foramen ovale is required for blood flow through the fetal atrial septum.  it is formed as of the fourth week of gestation, and this leads to right-left interatrial shunt that allows the passage of oxygenated blood to systemic circulation. in 75% of cases...

During gestation period the oxygenated maternal blood is transferred to embryo via placenta and umbilical cord into right atrium. It further through an interatrial shunt left atrium, Foramen Ovale, distributed embryonic body. The foramen closed after birth, but remains occasionally patent, permitting embolization a shunt. This transferring thrombi, fat, cement bony spikes, air, malignant tissue...

     Introduction: Objective: This study aimed to assess the possible variations in root canal anatomy and topography of the apices of first and second maxillary molars. Materials and methods: A total of 67 first and second maxillary permanent molars were collected. Access cavity was prepared and 2% methylene blue was injected. The teeth were demineralized by 5% nitric acid and cleared with met...

Introduction The sacrum is a large triangular bone formed by fusion of five sacral vertebrae [1]. Anatomy of sacral vertebra is complex [2]. Technically, the placement of pedicle screw into S1 vertebra is a difficult surgical procedure. Therefore it is important to know the anatomy of S1 vertebra [3]. First sacral vertebra possesses the features of typical vertebra in modified form. Thus it con...

The foramen spinosum is located in the base of skull on the sphenoid bone, structure passing through it are middle meningeal artery and vein, the nervus spinosum. Total 125 skull were used for this study. The results were foramen spinosum found as round shape in 52%, oval shape in 42% and irregular in 6%. The maximum diameter of foramen spinosum was 2.92+0.65mm and 2.12+0.45mm was minimum in ma...