A hybrid longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic transducer is designed and fabricated in this research. The design of the transducer was performed using the FE method with ABAQUS software, with the aim of combining the longitudinal and torsional vibration modes. The transducer horn is then fabricated using a 4-axis milling machine. The PZT stacks are employed in order to excite the transducer. The t...

BACKGROUND Like vertebrate hair cells, Drosophila auditory neurons are endowed with an active, force-generating process that boosts the macroscopic performance of the ear. The underlying force generator may be the molecular apparatus for auditory transduction, which, in the fly as in vertebrates, seems to consist of force-gated channels that occur in series with adaptation motors and gating spr...

The sensitivity of a force sensor based on photo-elastic effect in a monolithic Nd-YAG laser depends strongly on the geometrical shape and dimensions of the laser medium. The theoretical predictions of sensitivity are in good agreement with first results obtained with a plano-concave cylindrical crystal of (4×4) mm and some values reported by other groups. However, for small size of the laser s...

Nanoscale mechanical oscillators are used as ultrasensitive detectors of force, mass and charge. Nanomechanical oscillators have also been coupled with optical and electronic resonators to explore the quantum properties of mechanical systems. Here, we report an optomechanical transducer in which a Si(3)N(4) nanomechanical beam is coupled to a disk-shaped optical resonator made of silica on a si...

1. Organisms live surrounded by air or water, which exert drag on an organism when moving. These forces are significant ecologically because they can affect organisms’ distribution, behaviour or dispersal. 2. Appropriate techniques for measuring or estimating these forces vary greatly depending on the magnitude of the forces and the flow pattern of the moving fluid (air or water; both gases and...

Michael W. Hudoba, Carlos E. Castro Introduction Biological cells navigate their environment by exerting a field of traction forces applied via a multitude of localized attachment points to the surrounding extracellular matrix termed focal adhesion sites. During cellular migration, the cell cytoskeleton protrudes forward in the direction of motion, adheres to the extracellular matrix, and then ...

The monitoring of a quantum-mechanical harmonic oscillator on which a classical force acts is important in a variety of high-precision experiments, such as the attempt to detect gravitational radiation. This paper reviews the standard techniques for monitoring the oscillator, and introduces a new technique which, in principle, ca:n determine the details of the force with arbitrary accuracy, des...

This paper focuses on transducers, which are the most important components of bone conduction implants. To improve vibration magnitude, we develop a coil transducer in driver mass loading is reduced by about 3.25-fold compared to magnet transducers. We use finite element analysis derive and implement maximum Lorentz force frequency characteristics. compare effect magnitude that an older transdu...

Sound stimuli vibrate the hair bundles on auditory hair cells, but the resulting motion attributable to the mechanical stimulus may be modified by forces intrinsic to the bundle, which drive it actively. One category of active hair bundle motion has properties similar to fast adaptation of the mechanotransducer channels and is explicable if gating of the channels contributes significantly to th...