The canopy budget model simulates the interaction of major ions within forest canopies based on throughfall and precipitation measurements. The model has been used for estimating dry deposition and canopy exchange fluxes in a wide range of forest ecosystems, but different approaches have been reported. We give an overview of model variations with respect to the time step, type of open-field pre...

BACKGROUND Statistical tests of heterogeneity are very popular in meta-analyses, as heterogeneity might indicate subgroup effects. Lack of demonstrable statistical heterogeneity, however, might obscure clinical heterogeneity, meaning clinically relevant subgroup effects. METHODS A qualitative, visual method to explore the potential for subgroup effects was provided by a modification of the fo...

Since density is considered as one of the most important numerical indices to explain quantitative values of a plant community by affecting on many aspects and activity of ecosystem, on the other hand, awareness about plants distribution pattern in environment is an essential preparation for measurement and study of vegetative cover, therefore, in this research determination of density and dist...

12 Promising results have been obtained in recent years in the use of high-resolution X-band stereo SAR 13 satellite images (with the spatial resolution being in order of meters) in the extraction of elevation 14 data. In the case of forested areas, the extracted elevation values appear to be somewhere between 15 the ground surface and the top of the canopy, depending on the forest characterist...

since density is considered as one of the most important numerical indices to explain quantitative values of a plant community by affecting on many aspects and activity of ecosystem, on the other hand, awareness about plants distribution pattern in environment is an essential preparation for measurement and study of vegetative cover, therefore, in this research determination of density and dist...

We investigated the effects of forest fragmentation on bird assemblages in an Amazonian savannah landscape with forest fragments that have been isolated for more than 100 years. The study was conducted in areas surrounding the village of Alter do Chão (2°31'S, 55°00'W), Santarém, Brazil. Bird surveys and measurements of tree density were undertaken in 25 areas, with 19 plots in forest fragments...

Information on individual tree attributes is important for sustainable management of forest stands. Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) point clouds are an excellent source of information for predicting a range of forest stand attributes, with plot and single tree volume being among the most important. Two approaches exist for estimating volume: area-based approach (ABA) and individual tree detection...

Point pattern analysis of forest inventory stem-maps may aid interpretation and inventory estimation of forest attributes. To evaluate the techniques and benefits of conducting point pattern analysis of forest inventory stem-maps, Ripley’s K(t) was calculated for simulated tree spatial distributions and for over 600 USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots in Minnesota and ...