Backward running has long been used in sports conditioning programs and has recently been incorporated into rehabilitative settings as a method of increasing quadriceps strength while decreasing the joint compressive forces about the knee. Although backward locomotion has been studied kinetically, the metabolic cost of backward walking and/or running has not to our knowledge been previously cha...

Central pressure augmentation is associated with greater backward wave amplitude and shorter transit time and is higher in women for reasons only partially elucidated. Augmentation also is affected by left ventricular function and shapes of the forward and backward waves. The goal of this study was to examine the relative contributions of forward and backward wave morphology to central pressure...

During the last two decades, bilingual research has adopted the masked translation priming paradigm as a tool to investigate the architecture of the bilingual language system. Although there is now a consensus about the existence of forward translation priming (from native language primes [L1] to second language [L2] translation equivalent targets), the backward translation priming effect (from...

This study examines the influence of the fourth generation quarks on the double lepton polarizations forward–backward asymmetries in B → K * ℓ + ℓ − decay. We obtain that for both (µ, τ) channels the magnitude and the sign of the differential forward–backward asymmetries and the magnitude of the average forward–backward asymmetries are quite sensitive to the 4th generation quarks mass and mixin...

Constraint Handling Rules (CHR) is a general-purpose rulebased programming language. This paper studies the forward and backward propagation of rules, and explores the combination of both execution strategies. Forward propagation transforms input to output, while backward propagation uncovers input from output. This work includes a source-to-source transformation capable of implementing a backw...