Chlorine-containing disinfectants have been widely used around the world for prevention and control of COVID-19 pandemic. However, at present, little is known about impact residual chlorine on soil micro-ecological environment. Herein, we treated an experimental soil-plant-microbiome microcosm system by continuous irrigation with a low concentration chlorine-containing water, then analyzed infl...

he proposed Disinfectants/Disinfection By-products (D/DBP) Rule and the Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (ESWTR) have prompted an industrywide evaluation of disinfection and treatment practices.1,2 One of the least expensive methods of limiting DBP formation is to use monochloramine instead of free chlorine to maintain a distribution system residual. Monochloramine limits free chlorine con...

To the best of our knowledge, there was little information available on pathogen removal using low level disinfectant followed by free chlorine in sequential disinfection (SD). This study investigated Escherichia coli inactivation by four types of disinfection: single step disinfection (SSD), SD, traditional sequential disinfection (TSD) and mixed disinfectant disinfection (MDD). Results indica...

Chlorine is widely used in public water supplies to provide a disinfection barrier. The effect of chlorine disinfection on the water-borne pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei was assessed using multiple techniques. After exposure to chlorine viable bacteria were undetectable by conventional plate count techniques; however, persistence of B. pseudomallei was verified by flow cytometry and bacteri...

With the huge explored reserves of potash salts in Kazakhstan, there is still no production fertilizers, demand for which constantly growing. In this regard, research processing largest Chelkar deposit ore into fertilizers and an urgent problem. The article presents results washed decomposition with nitric acid suspension filtration. filtering properties granulometric composition insoluble resi...

Current standards, based on cell culture assay, indicate that poliovirus is inactivated by 0.5 mg of free chlorine per liter after 2 min; however, integrated cell culture-PCR detected viruses for up to 8 min of exposure to the same chlorine concentration, requiring 10 min for complete inactivation. Thus, the contact time for chlorine disinfection of poliovirus is up to five times greater than p...

Ct values, the concentration of free chlorine multiplied by time of contact with virus, were determined for free-chlorine inactivation experiments carried out with chloroform-extracted (dispersed) and non-chloroform-extracted (aggregated) feline calicivirus (FCV), adenovirus type 40 (AD40), and polio virus type 1 (PV-1). Experiments were carried out with high and low pH and temperature conditio...

Poliovirus in fecal homogenates was used to determine the protection against inactivation by chlorination afforded virus that was occluded within particulates. Virus that was closely associated with or occluded within small fecal particulates was protected. A fourfold increase in combined residual chlorine was required to achieve the same degree of inactivation for occluded virus as for free or...

Chlorine is a yellowish-green gas with a pungent, irritating odor. It is intermediate water-soluble and can cause acute damage to both upper and lower respiratory tracts. Its toxicity is thought to be mediated by the generation of hydrogen chloride upon contact with moist mucous membrane and by the formation of free radicals at the cellular level. Toxic exposures to chlorine were first reported...