We would like to thank all of the authors for their engaging and enlightening commentaries on our target article. It is heartening that there was such a great deal of agreement among the commentators with many of the points made in our article. Here we will highlight several points of agreement, note several remaining points of contention, and discuss a number of issues raised in the commentari...

How does the bilingual brain distinguish and control which language is in use? Previous functional imaging experiments have not been able to answer this question because proficient bilinguals activate the same brain regions irrespective of the language being tested. Here, we reveal that neuronal responses within the left caudate are sensitive to changes in the language or the meaning of words. ...

Moral judgment is an evaluation of the actions and character of a person made with respect to societal norms. Although many types of vignettes have been used in previous studies on moral beliefs and judgment, what is missing is a set of standardized common vignettes based in real life. The goal of this study was to provide researchers with stimuli that have values on several dimensions pertaini...

introduction: good functional capacity has a high negative predictive value (npv) in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (cad) similar to a normal gated myocardial perfusion imaging (gmpi). aim of this study was to evaluate npv of functional capacity during treadmill exercise in patients with normal gmpi in pakistani population. methods: this was a prospective study which ...

In this review, the authors describe the most recent functional imaging approaches used to explore and identify circuits within networks and model spatially and anatomically interconnected regions. After defining the concept of functional and effective connectivity, the authors describe various methods of identification and modeling of circuits within networks. The description of specific circu...

Developmental differences regarding decision making are often reported in the absence of emotional stimuli and without context, failing to explain why some individuals are more likely to have a greater inclination toward risk. The current study (N=212; 10-25y) examined the influence of emotional context on underlying functional brain connectivity over development and its impact on risk preferen...

Dynamic functional imaging experiments typically generate large, multivariate data sets that contain considerable spatial and temporal complexity. The goal of this introduction is to present signal-processing techniques that allow the underlying spatiotemporal structure to be readily distilled and that also enable signal versus noise contributions to be separated.

In this article we aim at improving the performance of whole brain functional imaging at very high temporal resolution (100 ms or less). This is achieved by utilizing a nonlinear regularized parallel image reconstruction scheme, where the penalty term of the cost function is set to the L(1)-norm measured in some transform domain. This type of image reconstruction has gained much attention recen...

Background and Aim: Brain mapping is a study of the anatomy and function of the CNS (central nervous system). Brain mapping has many techniques and these techniques are permanently changing and updating. From the beginning, brain mapping was invasive and for brain mapping, electrical stimulation of the exposed brain was needed. However, nowadays brain mapping does not require electrical stimula...