This study developed a finite element model according to higher-order shear deformation beam theory (HSDT) for the buckling analysis of functionally graded (FG) beams. Equilibrium equations FG are obtained from Lagrange’s equations. The be discussed within scope has 5 nodes and 16 degrees freedom (DOF). As result analysis, critical load was various boundary conditions, power-law index (p), slen...

The production of cement alone is responsible for 5–8% global CO2 emissions. This high environmental footprint can be partly attributed to inefficiencies at the material and structural level in concrete structures. Although performance requirements vary spatially within a element, single with same properties typically used ubiquitously, instead being tailored requirements. leads utilisation emb...