Background: Due to its nutrient content, a variety of spoilage microorganisms can grow in bee pollen, especially when handling practices are not appropriate. So, this survey was designed to assess the physicochemical and microbiological properties of bee pollen collected from Bulgaria. Methods: In June 2014, 13 fresh and 19 dried bee pollen samples were collected from Bulgaria. Water activity ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Unhygienic poultry feedstuffs can lead to nutrient losses and detrimental effect on poultry production and public health. In the present study, mycobiota and colony-forming units per gram in ingredients and finish poultry feed was evaluated with special reference to potentially mycotoxigenic fungi. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty five samples of corn, soybean meal and p...

During an investigation of microorganisms and pests in plant culture media from imported anthurium pots, a fungal isolate (DUCC4002) was detected. Based on its morphological characters including colony shape on potato dextrose agar, the microstructures of spores observed by light and scanning electron microscopy and the results of phylogenetic analysis using an internal transcribed spacer rDNA ...

Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is the second most important oilseed commodity in India. Alternaria blight (Alternaria brassicae) one of devastating fungal pathogen, resulting severe yield losses to crop. The present study conducted in-vitro know effect different temperature regimes and various culture media on mycelial growth sporulation A. brassicae. It clearly evident from results that all test...

Due to the omnipresent risk of epidemics, insect societies have evolved sophisticated disease defences at the individual and colony level. An intriguing yet little understood phenomenon is that social contact to pathogen-exposed individuals reduces susceptibility of previously naive nestmates to this pathogen. We tested whether such social immunisation in Lasius ants against the entomopathogeni...

When serious official political statements are not enough to get people’s votes, politicians often turn attention-grabbing and emotion-triggering self-presentation. They give the public access their “normal, everyday” lives through personalisation use other tools of “new” politics create a favourable image themselves. can also show unexpected, backstage aspects lives, such as interactions with ...

In number (16 of 22) of infants in the Dutch laboratory rabbit breeding colony, in aged 45-65 days old, hair loss (alopecia) seen at the top of the head and around a week after the hair fall, was created in a state of complete alopecia. For determination of the cause of hair loss, after the observation and palpation the alopecic area, there have not been any swelling, abscesses, tumors. In skin...

Bacterial-fungal interactions are important in the functioning of natural ecosystems. We examined possible synergistic or antagonistic effects during degradation polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by a fungal–bacterial co-culture. Bacteria and fungi were grown liquid nutrient medium supplemented with PAH substrates. The PAHs identification metabolites checked HPLC. Enzyme activities spectr...

Ascomycete fungi in the nests of ants inhabiting plants (= myrmecophytes) are very often cultivated by the ants in small patches and used as food source. Where these fungi come from is not known yet. Two scenarios of fungus recruitment are possible: (1) random infection through spores or hyphal fragments from the environment, or (2) transmission from mother to daughter colonies by the foundress...

1. Rat liver mitochondria were separated into heavy, light and fluffy fractions by differential centrifugation under standard conditions. 2. All mitochondrial fractions possessed soluble as well as membrane-bound enzymes typical of mitochondria. 3. The heavy fraction represented the stable mitochondrial structures and the fluffy particles appear to be loosely coupled. 4. The light mitochondrial...