By examining the spectral and amplification characteristics of Er-doped silica fiber (EDSF) Bi/Er co-doped (BEDSF), an active doped with broadband- flat-gain is investigated. Results show that bandwidth BEDSF a gain greater than 20 dB approximately 50 nm. Moreover, in entire C-band, exceeds 26 fluctuation range 2 dB. The excellent performance may mainly come from role bismuth ions. Further anal...

The dual flatness for Riemannian metrics in information geometry has been extended to Finsler metrics. The aim of this paper is to study the dual flatness of the so-called (α, β)-metrics in Finsler geometry. By doing some special deformations, we will show that the dual flatness of an (α, β)-metric always arises from that of some Riemannian metric in dimensional n ≥ 3.

PURPOSE To compare the sensitivity of flatness based energy metrics versus an attenuation based metric (percent depth dose) as a function of energy changes from the linac's nominal clinical energy. METHODS Energy changes were accomplished by adjusting the bending magnet current (BMI) ±15% away from the value used clinically. Two metrics for flatness, relative flatness in the central 80% of th...

Abstract In this chapter, we will prove that the regular part of free boundary Reg ( ∂ Ω u ) (defined in Sect. 6.4 is C 1, α regular, for every ∈ (0, 1∕2).

This work describes the replacement of Tissue Phantom Ratio (TPR) measurements with beam profile flatness measurements to determine photon beam quality during routine quality assurance (QA) measurements. To achieve this, a relationship was derived between the existing TPR15/5 energy metric and beam flatness, to provide baseline values and clinically relevant tolerances. The beam quality was var...

this paper works on the concept of flatness and its practical application for the design of an optimal transient controller in a synchronous machine. the feedback linearization scheme of interest requires the generation of a flat output from which the feedback control law can easily be designed. thus the computation of the flat output for reduced order model of the synchronous machine with simp...

In this work, by using a comprehensive numerical model which rigorously describes the interaction between stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and four-wave mixing (FWM), we verify that FWM processes, including depletion and parametric gain, generate a redistribution of pump power in distributed fiber Raman amplifiers (DFRAs). As a consequence of pump–pump FWM, several FWM components can be genera...

The geometry of natural branching systems generally reflects functional optimization. A common property is that their bifurcations are planar and that daughter segments do not turn back in the direction of the parent segment. The present study investigates whether this also applies to bifurcations in 3D dendritic arborizations. This question was earlier addressed in a first study of flatness of...

We propose a simple version of chaotic inflation which leads to a division of the universe into infinitely many open universes with all possible values of Ω from 1 to 0. 1 E-mail: [email protected] Flatness of the universe (Ω = 1) for a long time has been considered as one of the most definite predictions of the inflationary theory. However, what will happen if ten years from now it wi...