a {em roman dominating function} on a graph $g = (v ,e)$ is a function $f : vlongrightarrow {0, 1, 2}$ satisfying the condition that every vertex $v$ for which $f (v) = 0$ is adjacent to at least one vertex $u$ for which $f (u) = 2$. the {em weight} of a roman dominating function is the value $w(f)=sum_{vin v}f(v)$. the roman domination number of a graph $g$, denoted by $gamma_r(g)$, equals the...

B anks hold reserves in the form of account balances at the central bank and vault cash. The average aggregate reserves of depository institutions in the United States during 2005 was $46 billion. Banks use these reserves to settle payments to other banks (and other participants in financial markets) during the day. In 2005, the average daily value of Fedwire fund transfers—the primary means by...

The continuous growth of natural gas demand in China has brought about supply security from the insufficient domestic resources and ever-increasing dependency on imports. A multi-agent game framework for is proposed to investigate availability, accessibility, affordability along industry chain. In this framework, an exhaustible resource market equilibrium model based mixed complementary program...

We used the global fire detection record provided by the satellite-based Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to determine the number of fires detected inside 823 tropical and subtropical moist forest reserves and for contiguous buffer areas 5, 10, and 15 km wide. The ratio of fire detection densities (detections per square kilometer) inside reserves to their contiguous buffer ...

Marine reserve theory suggests that where large, productive populations are protected within no-take marine reserves, fished areas outside reserves will benefit through the spillover of larvae produced in the reserves. However, empirical evidence for larval export has been sparse. Here we use a simple idealized coastline model to estimate the expected magnitude and spatial scale of larval expor...

The appropriate configuration of marine reserves for maximizing harvests or ensuring species persistence when there is uncertainty or variability in larval dispersal patterns is not completely understood. This is particularly true in environments with large alongshore advection rates, as the success of a system of marine reserves depends on connectivity through larval and/or adult dispersal bet...

Fully-protected marine reserves can function at several spatial scales, from a single area encompassing few habitats, to local networks of many habitats, to large-scale networks connected by larval dispersal. However, the amount, spatial distribution, and associated administrative attributes of Caribbean marine reserves are collectively unknown. We compiled information on reserves from 21 count...

I study a non-stochastic, perfect foresight, general equilibrium model with a banking system that may hold large excess reserves when the central bank pays interest on reserves. The banking system also faces a capital constraint that may or may not be binding. When the rate of interest on reserves equals the market rate, if the quantity of reserves is large and bank capital is not scarce, the p...

Interest on reserves allows the Federal Reserve to pursue an appropriate monetary policy even with a high level of excess reserves. However, a banking system flush with excess reserves can raise the risk of monetary policy getting behind the curve. In recent months, the level of total reserves held by depository institutions (DIs) in the United States has been consistently above $1 trillion. Of...

Operating reserves allow nonprofit organizations to smooth out imbalances between revenues and expenses, helping to maintain program output in the presence of fiscal shocks. We know surprisingly little about why nonprofits might save operating reserves and what factors explain variation between organizations’ savings behavior. Findings suggest that operating reserves are reduced in the presence...